A. Casadevall, J. Steenbergen, and J. Nosanchuk, ???Ready made??? virulence and ???dual use??? virulence factors in pathogenic environmental fungi ??? the Cryptococcus neoformans paradigm, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.6, issue.4, pp.332-337, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00082-1

J. Steenbergen, H. Shuman, and A. Casadevall, Cryptococcus neoformans interactions with amoebae suggest an explanation for its virulence and intracellular pathogenic strategy in macrophages, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.26, pp.15245-15250, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.261418798

L. Derengowski, H. Paes, P. Albuquerque, A. Tavares, and L. Fernandes, The Transcriptional Response of Cryptococcus neoformans to Ingestion by Acanthamoeba castellanii and Macrophages Provides Insights into the Evolutionary Adaptation to the Mammalian Host, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.12, issue.5, pp.761-774, 2013.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.00073-13

B. Fries, C. Taborda, E. Serfass, and A. Casadevall, Phenotypic switching of Cryptococcus neoformans occurs in vivo and influences the outcome of infection, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.108, issue.11, pp.1639-1648, 2001.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI13407

R. García-rodas and O. Zaragoza, Catch me if you can: phagocytosis and killing avoidance by Cryptococcus neoformans, FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, vol.64, issue.2, pp.147-161, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00871.x

C. Charlier, K. Nielsen, S. Daou, M. Brigitte, and F. Chretien, Evidence of a Role for Monocytes in Dissemination and Brain Invasion by Cryptococcus neoformans, Infection and Immunity, vol.77, issue.1, pp.120-127, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.01065-08

R. Santangelo, H. Zoellner, T. Sorrell, C. Wilson, and C. Donald, Role of Extracellular Phospholipases and Mononuclear Phagocytes in Dissemination of Cryptococcosis in a Murine Model, Infection and Immunity, vol.72, issue.4, pp.2229-2239, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.72.4.2229-2239.2004

B. Park, K. Wannemuehler, B. Marston, N. Govender, and P. Pappas, Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS, AIDS, vol.23, issue.4, pp.525-530, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328322ffac

A. Casadevall and J. Perfect, Cryptococcus neoformans, 1998.
DOI : 10.1128/9781555818241

F. Dromer, S. Mathoulin-pélissier, O. Launay, O. Lortholary, and F. Group, Determinants of Disease Presentation and Outcome during Cryptococcosis: The CryptoA/D Study, PLoS Medicine, vol.21, issue.2, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040021.sd002

J. Kronstad, R. Attarian, B. Cadieux, J. Choi, D. Souza et al., Expanding fungal pathogenesis: Cryptococcus breaks out of the opportunistic box, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.4, issue.3, pp.193-203, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nrmicro2522

D. Goldman, H. Khine, J. Abadi, D. Lindenberg, and P. La, Serologic Evidence for Cryptococcus neoformans Infection in Early Childhood, PEDIATRICS, vol.107, issue.5, p.66, 2001.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.107.5.e66

R. Baker, The Primary Pulmonary Lymph Node Complex of Cryptococcosis, American Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol.65, issue.1, pp.83-92, 1976.
DOI : 10.1093/ajcp/65.1.83

F. Dromer, A. Casadevall, J. Perfect, and T. Sorrell, Cryptococcus neoformans: Latency and Disease. Cryptococcus: From Human Pathogen to Model Yeast, p.429, 2010.

D. Garcia-hermoso, G. Janbon, and F. Dromer, Epidemiological evidence for dormant Cryptococcus neoformans infection, J Clin Microbiol, vol.37, pp.3204-3209, 1999.

F. Dromer, O. Ronin, and B. Dupont, Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii ! murine macrophages and enhances fungal survival, Infect Immun, vol.77, pp.2783-2794, 1992.

S. Giles, A. Zaas, M. Reidy, J. Perfect, and J. Wright, Cryptococcus neoformans Is Resistant to Surfactant Protein A Mediated Host Defense Mechanisms, PLoS ONE, vol.172, issue.(Pt 3), 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0001370.g005

J. Van-de-wetering, F. Coenjaerts, A. Vaandrager, L. Van-golde, and J. Batenburg, Aggregation of Cryptococcus neoformans by Surfactant Protein D Is Inhibited by Its Capsular Component Glucuronoxylomannan, Infection and Immunity, vol.72, issue.1, pp.145-153, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.72.1.145-153.2004

A. Walenkamp, A. Verheul, J. Scharringa, and I. Hoepelman, Pulmonary surfactant protein A binds to Cryptococcus neoformans without promoting phagocytosis, European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.23, issue.1, pp.83-92, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-0934(93)90164-M

S. Geunes-boyer, M. Beers, J. Perfect, J. Heitman, and J. Wright, Surfactant Protein D Facilitates Cryptococcus neoformans Infection, Infection and Immunity, vol.80, issue.7, pp.2444-2453, 2012.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.05613-11

S. Giles, T. Dagenais, M. Botts, N. Keller, and C. Hull, Elucidating the Pathogenesis of Spores from the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, Infection and Immunity, vol.77, issue.8, pp.3491-3500, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00334-09

J. Dan, R. Kelly, C. Lee, and S. Levitz, Role of the Mannose Receptor in a Murine Model of Cryptococcus neoformans Infection, Infection and Immunity, vol.76, issue.6, pp.2362-2367, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00095-08

T. Kozel and R. Mastroianni, Inhibition of phagocytosis by cryptococcal polysaccharide: dissociation of the attachment and ingestion phases of phagocytosis, Infect Immun, vol.14, pp.62-67, 1976.

G. Bulmer and M. Sans, Cryptococcus neoformans. 3. Inhibition of phagocytosis, J Bacteriol, vol.95, pp.5-8, 1968.

T. Kozel and E. Gotschlich, The capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans passively inhibits phagocytosis of the yeast by macrophages, J Immunol, vol.129, pp.1675-1680, 1982.

C. Cross and G. Bancroft, Ingestion of acapsular Cryptococcus neoformans occurs via mannose and beta-glucan receptors, resulting in cytokine production and increased phagocytosis of the encapsulated form, Infect Immun, vol.63, pp.2604-2611, 1995.

C. Luberto, B. Martinez-mariño, D. Taraskiewicz, B. Bolaños, and P. Chitano, Identification of App1 as a regulator of phagocytosis and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.112, issue.7, pp.1080-1094, 2003.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI18309

P. Stano, V. Williams, M. Villani, E. Cymbalyuk, and A. Qureshi, App1: An Antiphagocytic Protein That Binds to Complement Receptors 3 and 2, The Journal of Immunology, vol.182, issue.1, pp.84-91, 2009.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.84

O. Liu, C. Chun, E. Chow, C. Chen, and H. Madhani, Systematic Genetic Analysis of Virulence in the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, Cell, vol.135, issue.1, pp.174-188, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.046

C. Chun, J. Brown, and H. Madhani, A Major Role for Capsule-Independent Phagocytosis-Inhibitory Mechanisms in Mammalian Infection by Cryptococcus neoformans, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.9, issue.3, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2011.02.003

O. Zaragoza, R. García-rodas, J. Nosanchuk, M. Cuenca-estrella, and J. Rodriguez-tudela, Fungal cell gigantism during mammalian infection, PLoS Pathog, vol.6, 2010.

L. Okagaki, A. Strain, J. Nielsen, C. Charlier, and N. Baltes, Cryptococcal cell morphology affects host cell interactions and pathogenicity, PLoS Pathog, vol.6, 2010.

L. Okagaki and K. Nielsen, Titan Cells Confer Protection from Phagocytosis in Cryptococcus neoformans Infections, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.11, issue.6, pp.820-826, 2012.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.00121-12

S. Tucker and A. Casadevall, Replication of Cryptococcus neoformans in macrophages is accompanied by phagosomal permeabilization and accumulation of vesicles containing polysaccharide in the cytoplasm, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.99, issue.5, pp.3165-3170, 2002.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.052702799

K. Voelz and D. Lammas, Cytokine Signaling Regulates the Outcome of Intracellular Macrophage Parasitism by Cryptococcus neoformans, Infection and Immunity, vol.77, issue.8, pp.3450-3457, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00297-09

S. Levitz, S. Nong, K. Seetoo, T. Harrison, and R. Speizer, Cryptococcus neoformans resides in an acidic phagolysosome of human macrophages, Infect Immun, vol.67, pp.885-890, 1999.

K. Wozniak and S. Levitz, Cryptococcus neoformans Enters the Endolysosomal Pathway of Dendritic Cells and Is Killed by Lysosomal Components, Infection and Immunity, vol.76, issue.10, pp.4764-4771, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00660-08

S. Brown, L. Campbell, and J. Lodge, Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungus under stress, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.10, issue.4, pp.320-325, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mib.2007.05.014

W. Chaka, J. Scharringa, A. Verheul, J. Verhoef, and A. Van-strijp, Quantitative analysis of phagocytosis and killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by flow cytometry, Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, vol.2, pp.753-759, 1995.

M. Miller and T. Mitchell, Killing of Cryptococcus neoformans strains by human neutrophils and monocytes, Infect Immun, vol.59, pp.24-28, 1991.

R. Diamond, R. Root, and J. Bennett, Factors Influencing Killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by Human Leukocytes In Vitro, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.125, issue.4, pp.367-376, 1972.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/125.4.367

G. Fairn and S. Grinstein, How nascent phagosomes mature to become phagolysosomes, Trends in Immunology, vol.33, issue.8, pp.397-405, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.it.2012.03.003

S. Levitz and D. Dibenedetto, Paradoxical role of capsule in murine bronchoalveolar macrophage-mediated killing of Cryptococcus neoformans, J Immunol, vol.142, pp.659-665, 1989.

I. Flesch, G. Schwamberger, and S. Kaufmann, Fungicidal activity of IFN-gammaactivated macrophages. Extracellular killing of Cryptococcus neoformans, J Immunol, vol.142, pp.3219-3224, 1989.

J. Steenbergen, J. Nosanchuk, S. Malliaris, and A. Casadevall, Cryptococcus neoformans Virulence Is Enhanced after Growth in the Genetically Malleable Host Dictyostelium discoideum, Infection and Immunity, vol.71, issue.9, pp.4862-4872, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.71.9.4862-4872.2003

E. Mylonakis, F. Ausubel, J. Perfect, J. Heitman, and S. Calderwood, Nonlinear partial differential equations and applications: Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Cryptococcus neoformans as a model of yeast pathogenesis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.99, issue.24, pp.15675-15680, 2002.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.232568599

M. Alvarez and A. Casadevall, Phagosome Extrusion and Host-Cell Survival after Cryptococcus neoformans Phagocytosis by Macrophages, Current Biology, vol.16, issue.21, pp.2161-2165, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.061

H. Ma, J. Croudace, and D. Lammas, Expulsion of Live Pathogenic Yeast by Macrophages, Current Biology, vol.16, issue.21, pp.2156-2160, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.032

Y. Luo, M. Alvarez, L. Xia, and A. Casadevall, The Outcome of Phagocytic Cell Division with Infectious Cargo Depends on Single Phagosome Formation, PLoS ONE, vol.33, issue.5, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0003219.s009

A. Nicola, E. Robertson, P. Albuquerque, L. Derengowski, and A. Casadevall, Nonlytic Exocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans from Macrophages Occurs In Vivo and Is Influenced by Phagosomal pH, mBio, vol.2, issue.4, pp.167-178, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00167-11

J. Bain, L. Lewis, B. Okai, J. Quinn, and N. Gow, Non-lytic expulsion/exocytosis of Candida albicans from macrophages, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.49, issue.9, pp.677-678, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.01.008

S. Johnston and R. May, The Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans Escapes Macrophages by a Phagosome Emptying Mechanism That Is Inhibited by Arp2/3 Complex-Mediated Actin Polymerisation, PLoS Pathogens, vol.74, issue.8, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001041.s016

M. Chayakulkeeree, S. Johnston, J. Oei, S. Lev, and P. Williamson, SEC14 is a specific requirement for secretion of phospholipase B1 and pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans, Molecular Microbiology, vol.69, issue.2, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07632.x

M. Alvarez and A. Casadevall, Cell-to-cell spread and massive vacuole formation after Cryptococcus neoformans infection of murine macrophages, BMC Immunology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.16-26, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2172-8-16

H. Ma, J. Croudace, and D. Lammas, Direct cell-to-cell spread of a pathogenic yeast, BMC Immunology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.15-25, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2172-8-15

S. Lee, Y. Kress, M. Zhao, D. Dickson, and A. Casadevall, Cryptococcus neoformans survive and replicate in human microglia, Lab Invest, vol.73, pp.871-879, 1995.

S. Villena, R. Pinheiro, C. Pinheiro, M. Nunes, and C. Takiya, Capsular polysaccharides galactoxylomannan and glucuronoxylomannan from Cryptococcus neoformans induce macrophage apoptosis mediated by Fas ligand, Cellular Microbiology, vol.153, issue.6, pp.1274-1285, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/15260

M. De-jesus, A. Nicola, S. Frases, I. Lee, and S. Mieses, Galactoxylomannan-Mediated Immunological Paralysis Results from Specific B Cell Depletion in the Context of Widespread Immune System Damage, The Journal of Immunology, vol.183, issue.6, pp.3885-3894, 2009.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.0900449

J. Davis, W. Zheng, A. Glatman-freedman, J. Ng, and M. Pagcatipunan, SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN PEDIATRIC CRYPTOCOCCAL INFECTION, The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol.26, issue.6, pp.549-551, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/INF.0b013e318047e073

A. Atkinson and J. Bennett, Experience with a new skin test antigen prepared from Cryptococcus neoformans, Am Rev Respir Dis, vol.97, pp.637-643, 1968.

D. Saha, D. Goldman, X. Shao, A. Casadevall, and S. Husain, Serologic Evidence for Reactivation of Cryptococcosis in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients, Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, vol.14, issue.12, pp.1550-1554, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/CVI.00242-07

W. Fessel, Cryptococcal Meningitis after Unusual Exposures to Birds, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.328, issue.18, pp.1354-1355, 1993.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199305063281816

J. Nosanchuk, S. Shoham, B. Fries, D. Shapiro, and S. Levitz, Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptococcus neoformans from a Pet Cockatoo to an Immunocompromised Patient, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.132, issue.3, pp.205-208, 2000.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-132-3-200002010-00006

R. Shrestha, J. Stoller, G. Honari, G. Procop, and S. Gordon, Pneumonia due to Cryptococcus neoformans in a patient receiving infliximab: possible zoonotic transmission from a pet cockatiel, Respir Care, vol.49, pp.606-608, 2004.

O. Lortholary, H. Nunez, M. Brauner, and F. Dromer, Pulmonary cryptococcosis, Semin Respir Crit Care Med, vol.25, pp.145-157, 2004.

G. Campbell, Primary pulmonary cryptococcosis, Am Rev Respir Dis, vol.94, pp.236-243, 1966.

S. Neuville, F. Dromer, O. Morin, B. Dupont, and O. Ronin, Primary Cutaneous Cryptococcosis: A Distinct Clinical Entity, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.36, issue.3, pp.337-347, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/345956

C. Liechty, P. Solberg, W. Were, J. Ekwaru, and R. Ransom, Asymptomatic serum cryptococcal antigenemia and early mortality during antiretroviral therapy in r u r a l U g a n d a . Tr o p M e d I n t H e a l t, pp.1365-3156, 2007.

A. Andama, S. Boon-den, D. Meya, A. Cattamanchi, and W. Worodria, Prevalence and Outcomes of Cryptococcal Antigenemia in HIV-Seropositive Patients Hospitalized for Suspected Tuberculosis in Uganda, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.63, issue.2, pp.189-194, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182926f95

R. Micol, O. Lortholary, B. Sar, D. Laureillard, and C. Ngeth, Prevalence, Determinants of Positivity, and Clinical Utility of Cryptococcal Antigenemia in Cambodian HIV-Infected Patients, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.45, issue.5, pp.555-559, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31811ed32c

J. Jarvis, N. Govender, T. Chiller, B. Park, and N. Longley, Cryptococcal Antigen Screening and Preemptive Therapy in Patients Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings: A Proposed Algorithm for Clinical Implementation, Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care (JIAPAC), vol.11, issue.6, pp.374-379, 2012.
DOI : 10.1177/1545109712459077

J. Perfect, W. Dismukes, F. Dromer, D. Goldman, and J. Graybill, Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Cryptococcal Disease: 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.50, issue.3, pp.291-322, 2010.
DOI : 10.1086/649858

X. Ou, J. Wu, L. Zhu, M. Guan, and B. Xu, Genotypes Coding for Mannose-Binding Lectin Deficiency Correlated With Cryptococcal Meningitis in HIV-Uninfected Chinese Patients, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.203, issue.11, pp.1686-1691, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/jir152

O. Meara, T. Alspaugh, and J. , The Cryptococcus neoformans Capsule: a Sword and a Shield, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.25, issue.3, pp.387-408, 2012.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.00001-12

B. Steen, T. Lian, S. Zuyderduyn, W. Macdonald, and M. Marra, Temperature-Regulated Transcription in the Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, Genome Research, vol.12, issue.9, pp.1386-1400, 2002.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.80202

Y. Wang, P. Aisen, and A. Casadevall, Cryptococcus neoformans melanin and virulence: mechanism of action, Infect Immun, vol.63, pp.3131-3136, 1995.

A. Vecchiarelli, E. Pericolini, E. Gabrielli, S. Chow, and F. Bistoni, galactoxylomannan is a potent negative immunomodulator, inspiring new approaches in anti-inflammatory immunotherapy, Immunotherapy, vol.3, issue.8, pp.997-1005, 2011.
DOI : 10.2217/imt.11.86

G. Cox, H. Mcdade, S. Chen, S. Tucker, and M. Gottfredsson, Extracellular phospholipase activity is a virulence factor for Cryptococcus neoformans, Molecular Microbiology, vol.153, issue.1, pp.166-175, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07257.x

G. Cox, J. Mukherjee, G. Cole, A. Casadevall, and J. Perfect, Urease as a Virulence Factor in Experimental Cryptococcosis, Infection and Immunity, vol.68, issue.2, pp.443-448, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.68.2.443-448.2000

G. Cox, T. Harrison, H. Mcdade, C. Taborda, and G. Heinrich, Superoxide Dismutase Influences the Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans by Affecting Growth within Macrophages, Infection and Immunity, vol.71, issue.1, pp.173-180, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.71.1.173-180.2003

R. Syme, J. Spurrell, L. Ma, F. Green, and C. Mody, Phagocytosis and Protein Processing Are Required for Presentation of Cryptococcus neoformans Mitogen to T Lymphocytes, Infection and Immunity, vol.68, issue.11, pp.6147-6153, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.68.11.6147-6153.2000

A. Casadevall, J. Nosanchuk, P. Williamson, and M. Rodrigues, Vesicular transport across the fungal cell wall, Trends in Microbiology, vol.17, issue.4, pp.158-162, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tim.2008.12.005

D. Oliveira, C. Freire-de-lima, J. Nosanchuk, A. Casadevall, and M. Rodrigues, Extracellular Vesicles from Cryptococcus neoformans Modulate Macrophage Functions, Infection and Immunity, vol.78, issue.4, pp.1601-1609, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.01171-09

L. Bunting, J. Neilson, and G. Bulmer, : Gastronomic delight of a soil ameba, Medical Mycology, vol.17, issue.3, pp.225-232, 1979.
DOI : 10.1080/00362177985380341

G. Greub and D. Raoult, Microorganisms Resistant to Free-Living Amoebae, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.17, issue.2, pp.413-433, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.17.2.413-433.2004

A. Castellani, Phagocytic and destructive action of Hartmanella castellanii (Amoeba castellanii) on pathogenic encapsulated yeast-like fungi Torulopsis neoformans (Cryptococcus neoformans)], Ann Inst Pasteur, vol.89, pp.1-7, 1955.

Y. Apidianakis, L. Rahme, J. Heitman, F. Ausubel, and S. Calderwood, Challenge of Drosophila melanogaster with Cryptococcus neoformans and Role of the Innate Immune Response, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.3, issue.2, pp.413-419, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.3.2.413-419.2004

R. London, B. Orozco, and E. Mylonakis, The pursuit of cryptococcal pathogenesis: heterologous hosts and the study of cryptococcal host???pathogen interactions, FEMS Yeast Research, vol.0, issue.0, pp.567-573, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2005.00056.x

D. Goldman, S. Lee, and A. Casadevall, Pathogenesis of pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection in the rat, Infect Immun, vol.62, pp.4755-4761, 1994.

O. Zaragoza, M. Alvarez, A. Telzak, J. Rivera, and A. Casadevall, The Relative Susceptibility of Mouse Strains to Pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans Infection Is Associated with Pleiotropic Differences in the Immune Response, Infection and Immunity, vol.75, issue.6, pp.2729-2739, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00094-07

S. Neuville, O. Lortholary, and F. Dromer, Do Kinetics of the Humoral Response to Cryptococcus neoformans Proteins during Murine Cryptococcosis Reflect Outcome?, Infection and Immunity, vol.68, issue.6, pp.3724-3726, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.68.6.3724-3726.2000

J. Kronstad, S. Saikia, E. Nielson, M. Kretschmer, and W. Jung, Adaptation of Cryptococcus neoformans to Mammalian Hosts: Integrated Regulation of Metabolism and Virulence, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.11, issue.2, pp.109-118, 2012.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.05273-11

L. Goulart, R. E. Silva, L. Chiapello, L. Silveira, C. Crestani et al., Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii genes preferentially expressed, pp.9-12, 2010.

M. Lorenz, J. Bender, and G. Fink, Transcriptional Response of Candida albicans upon Internalization by Macrophages, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.3, issue.5, pp.1076-1087, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.3.5.1076-1087.2004

W. Szymczak, M. Davis, S. Lundy, C. Dufaud, and M. Olszewski, X-Linked Immunodeficient Mice Exhibit Enhanced Susceptibility to Cryptococcus neoformans Infection, mBio, vol.4, issue.4, pp.265-278, 2013.
DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00265-13

F. Dromer, P. Aucouturier, J. Clauvel, G. Saimot, and P. Yeni, Cryptococcus neoformans Antibody Levels in Patients with AIDS, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.101, issue.3, pp.283-285, 1988.
DOI : 10.3109/00365548809032452

E. Mcclelland, A. Nicola, R. Prados-rosales, and A. Casadevall, Ab binding alters gene expression in Cryptococcus neoformans and directly modulates fungal metabolism, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.120, issue.4, pp.1355-1361, 2010.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI38322DS1

W. Li, A. Averette, M. Desnos-ollivier, M. Ni, and F. Dromer, AD Hybrid Strains, G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics, vol.2, issue.1, pp.83-97, 2012.
DOI : 10.1534/g3.111.001255

J. Xu and T. Mitchell, Comparative gene genealogical analyses of strains of serotype AD identify recombination in populations of serotypes A and D in the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, Microbiology, vol.149, issue.8, pp.2147-2154, 2003.
DOI : 10.1099/mic.0.26180-0

A. Idnurm, Y. Bahn, K. Nielsen, X. Lin, and J. Fraser, Deciphering the Model Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus Neoformans, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.152, issue.1, pp.753-764, 1245.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.03921.x

A. Litvintseva, R. Thakur, R. Vilgalys, and T. Mitchell, Multilocus Sequence Typing Reveals Three Genetic Subpopulations of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (Serotype A), Including a Unique Population in Botswana, Genetics, vol.172, issue.4, pp.2223-2238, 2006.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.105.046672

C. Chrisman, M. Alvarez, and A. Casadevall, Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by, and Nonlytic Exocytosis from, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.76, issue.18, pp.6056-6062, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00812-10

E. Mylonakis, R. Moreno, K. El, J. Idnurm, A. Heitman et al., Galleria mellonella as a Model System To Study Cryptococcus neoformans Pathogenesis, Infection and Immunity, vol.73, issue.7, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.73.7.3842-3850.2005

S. Sukroongreung, K. Kitiniyom, C. Nilakul, and S. Tantimavanich, Pathogenicity of basidiospores of Filobasidiella neoformans var. neoformans, Med Mycol, vol.36, pp.419-424, 1998.

R. Velagapudi, Y. Hsueh, S. Geunes-boyer, J. Wright, and J. Heitman, Spores as Infectious Propagules of Cryptococcus neoformans, Infection and Immunity, vol.77, issue.10, pp.4345-4355, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00542-09

F. Staib and S. Mishra, [Contributions to the strain-specific virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans Animal experiments with two C. neoformans-strains isolated from bird manure. Preliminary report (author's transl)], Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig A, vol.230, pp.81-85, 1975.

E. Irokanulo and C. Akueshi, Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans serotypes A, B, C and D for four mouse strains, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol.43, issue.4, pp.289-293, 1995.
DOI : 10.1099/00222615-43-4-289

P. Ngamskulrungroj, Y. Chang, E. Sionov, and K. Kwon-chung, The Primary Target Organ of Cryptococcus gattii Is Different from That of Cryptococcus neoformans in a Murine Model, mBio, vol.3, issue.3, 2012.
DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00103-12

E. Byrnes, W. Li, P. Ren, Y. Lewit, and K. Voelz, A Diverse Population of Cryptococcus gattii Molecular Type VGIII in Southern Californian HIV/AIDS Patients, PLoS Pathogens, vol.16, issue.9, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002205.s012

B. Bolaños and T. Mitchell, by rat alveolar macrophages, Medical Mycology, vol.27, issue.4, pp.203-217, 1989.
DOI : 10.1080/02681218980000291

T. Kozel, G. Pfrommer, A. Guerlain, B. Highison, and G. Highison, Strain variation in phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans: dissociation of susceptibility to phagocytosis from activation and binding of opsonic fragments of C3, Infect Immun, vol.56, pp.2794-2800, 1988.

B. Bolaños and T. Mitchell, by rat alveolar macrophages, Medical Mycology, vol.27, issue.4, pp.219-228, 1989.
DOI : 10.1080/02681218980000301

S. Levitz, M. Dupont, and E. Smail, Direct activity of human T lymphocytes and natural killer cells against Cryptococcus neoformans, Infect Immun, vol.62, pp.194-202, 1994.

E. Byrnes, W. Li, Y. Lewit, H. Ma, and K. Voelz, Emergence and Pathogenicity of Highly Virulent Cryptococcus gattii Genotypes in the Northwest United States, PLoS Pathogens, vol.11, issue.4, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000850.s010

K. Voelz and R. May, Cryptococcal Interactions with the Host Immune System, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.9, issue.6, pp.835-84600039, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.00039-10

X. Liu, G. Hu, J. Panepinto, and P. Williamson, Role of a VPS41 homologue in starvation response, intracellular survival and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans, Molecular Microbiology, vol.18, issue.5, pp.1132-1146, 2006.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03340.x

G. Hu, M. Hacham, S. Waterman, J. Panepinto, and S. Shin, PI3K signaling of autophagy is required for starvation tolerance and virulenceof Cryptococcus neoformans, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.118, issue.3, pp.1186-1197, 2008.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI32053

J. Panepinto, L. Liu, J. Ramos, X. Zhu, and T. Valyi-nagy, The DEAD-box RNA helicase Vad1 regulates multiple virulence-associated genes in Cryptococcus neoformans, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.115, issue.3, pp.632-641, 2005.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI23048DS1

C. Luberto, D. Toffaletti, E. Wills, S. Tucker, and A. Casadevall, Roles for inositol-phosphoryl ceramide synthase 1 (IPC1) in pathogenesis of C. neoformans, Genes & Development, vol.15, issue.2, pp.201-212, 2001.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.856001

F. Dromer, J. Salamero, A. Contrepois, C. Carbon, and P. Yeni, Production, characterization, and antibody specificity of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide, Infect Immun, vol.55, pp.742-748, 1987.

J. Sebastià, R. Cristòfol, M. Martín, E. Rodríguez-farré, and C. Sanfeliu, Evaluation of fluorescent dyes for measuring intracellular glutathione content in primary cultures of human neurons and neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y, Cytometry Part A, vol.52, issue.1, pp.16-25, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/cyto.a.10003

J. Markovic, N. Mora, A. Broseta, A. Gimeno, and N. De-la-concepción, The Depletion of Nuclear Glutathione Impairs Cell Proliferation in 3t3 Fibroblasts, PLoS ONE, vol.84, issue.3, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0006413.t002

R. Ikeda and K. Sawamura, Bacterial and H2O2 stress-induced apoptosis-like events in Cryptococcus neoformans, Research in Microbiology, vol.159, issue.9-10, pp.628-634, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2008.07.006

J. Murphy, R. Mosley, R. Cherniak, G. Reyes, and T. Kozel, Serological, electrophoretic, and biological properties of Cryptococcus neoformans antigens, Infect Immun, vol.56, pp.424-431, 1988.

K. Kwon-chung and J. Bennett, Culture Media and Reagents. Medical mycology, p.816, 1992.

C. Xue, Y. Tada, X. Dong, and J. Heitman, The Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus Can Complete Its Sexual Cycle during a Pathogenic Association with Plants, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.1, issue.4, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2007.05.005

C. Xue, T. Liu, L. Chen, W. Li, and I. Liu, Role of an expanded inositol transporter repertoire in Cryptococcus neoformans sexual reproduction and virulence. mBio 1. doi:10, pp.84-94, 1128.

M. Pfaffl, A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.29, issue.9, p.45, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/29.9.e45

J. Hellemans, G. Mortier, A. De-paepe, F. Speleman, and J. Vandesompele, qBase relative quantification framework and software for management and automated analysis of real-time quantitative PCR data, Genome Biol, vol.8, 2007.

A. Saeed, V. Sharov, J. White, J. Li, and W. Liang, TM4: a free, open-source system for microarray data management and analysis, BioTechniques, vol.34, pp.374-378, 2003.

S. López, M. Prieto, J. Dijkstra, M. Dhanoa, and J. France, Statistical evaluation of mathematical models for microbial growth, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol.96, issue.3, pp.289-300, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.026

G. Janbon, S. Maeng, D. Yang, Y. Ko, and K. Jung, Characterizing the role of RNA silencing components in Cryptococcus neoformans, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.47, issue.12, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.10.005

P. Williamson, Laccase and melanin in the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans, Frontiers in Bioscience, vol.2, issue.5, pp.99-107, 1997.
DOI : 10.2741/A231

D. Toffaletti, M. Del-poeta, T. Rude, F. Dietrich, and J. Perfect, Regulation of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) expression in Cryptococcus neoformans by temperature and host environment, Microbiology, vol.149, issue.4, pp.1041-1049, 2003.
DOI : 10.1099/mic.0.26021-0

K. Clemons and D. Stevens, Cryptococcosis in Experimental Animals: Lessons Learned. Cryptococcus: From Human Pathogen to Model Yeast, pp.473-488, 2010.

L. Ma, C. Wang, G. Neely, S. Epelman, and A. Krensky, NK Cells Use Perforin Rather than Granulysin for Anticryptococcal Activity, The Journal of Immunology, vol.173, issue.5, pp.3357-3365, 2004.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3357

J. Schein, K. Tangen, R. Chiu, H. Shin, and K. Lengeler, Physical Maps for Genome Analysis of Serotype A and D Strains of the Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, Genome Research, vol.12, issue.9, pp.1445-1453, 2002.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.81002

M. Feldmesser, J. Rivera, Y. Kress, T. Kozel, and A. Casadevall, Antibody Interactions with the Capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans, Infection and Immunity, vol.68, issue.6, pp.3642-3650, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.68.6.3642-3650.2000

D. Garcia-hermoso, F. Dromer, and G. Janbon, Cryptococcus neoformans Capsule Structure Evolution In Vitro and during Murine Infection, Infection and Immunity, vol.72, issue.6, pp.3359-3365, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.72.6.3359-3365.2004

K. Ormerod, C. Morrow, E. Chow, I. Lee, and S. Arras, Comparative Genomics of Serial Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans Reveals Gene Associated with Carbon Utilization and Virulence. G3 (Bethesda), 2013.

R. Moore, Cytology and ultrastructure of yeasts and yeastlike fungi. The yeasts, a taxonomic study, p.33, 1998.

A. Cassone, N. Simonetti, and V. Strippoli, Wall structure and bud formation inCryptococcus neoformans, Archives of Microbiology, vol.7, issue.1, pp.205-212, 1974.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02451762

R. Simmons, Comparison of chitin localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Malassezia spp., Mycological Research, vol.93, issue.4, pp.551-553, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/S0953-7562(89)80053-X

P. Brodin and C. T. , High-content screening in infectious diseases, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, vol.15, issue.4, pp.534-539, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.05.023

S. Jayaswal, M. Kamal, R. Dua, S. Gupta, and T. Majumdar, Identification of Host-Dependent Survival Factors for Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis through an siRNA Screen, PLoS Pathogens, vol.13, issue.4, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000839.s008

H. Nishiuchi, Y. Tabira, and K. Yamagishi, A Combination of Flow Cytometry and Traditional Screening Using Chemicals to Isolate High Glutathione-Producing Yeast Mutants, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, vol.76, issue.6, pp.1085-1090, 2012.
DOI : 10.1271/bbb.110883

A. Fortuniak, R. Zadzinski, T. Bilinski, and G. Bartosz, Glutathione depletion in the ! yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Biochem Mol Biol Int, vol.38, pp.901-910, 1996.

R. Zadzinski, A. Fortuniak, T. Bilinski, M. Grey, and G. Bartosz, Menadione toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells: Activation by conjugation with glutathione, IUBMB Life, vol.44, issue.4, pp.747-759, 1998.
DOI : 10.1080/15216549800201792

F. Sangalli-leite, L. Scorzoni, A. Mesa-arango, C. Casas, and E. Herrero, Amphotericin B mediates killing in Cryptococcus neoformans through the induction of a strong oxidative burst, Microbes and Infection, vol.13, issue.5, pp.457-467, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.01.015

G. Van-peer, P. Mestdagh, and J. Vandesompele, Accurate RT-qPCR gene expression analysis on cell culture lysates, Scientific Reports, vol.3, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/srep00222

N. Macura, T. Zhang, and A. Casadevall, Dependence of Macrophage Phagocytic Efficacy on Antibody Concentration, Infection and Immunity, vol.75, issue.4, pp.1904-1915, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.01258-06

S. Levitz, Innate Recognition of Fungal Cell Walls, PLoS Pathogens, vol.2, issue.4, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000758.t001

S. Franzot, J. Mukherjee, R. Cherniak, L. Chen, and J. Hamdan, Microevolution of a standard strain of Cryptococcus neoformans resulting in differences in virulence and other phenotypes, Infect Immun, vol.66, pp.89-97, 1998.

D. Maccallum, L. Castillo, K. Nather, C. Munro, and A. Brown, Property Differences among the Four Major Candida albicans Strain Clades, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.8, issue.3, pp.373-387, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.00387-08

E. Rosowski, D. Lu, L. Julien, L. Rodda, and R. Gaiser, dense granule protein, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.132, issue.1, pp.195-212, 2011.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.20091703

C. Kébaïer, H. Louzir, M. Chenik, B. Salah, A. Dellagi et al., Heterogeneity of Wild Leishmania major Isolates in Experimental Murine Pathogenicity and Specific Immune Response, Infection and Immunity, vol.69, issue.8, pp.4906-4915, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.8.4906-4915.2001

P. Holzmuller, D. Biron, P. Courtois, M. Koffi, and R. Bras-gonçalves, Virulence and pathogenicity patterns of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense field isolates in experimentally infected mouse: differences in host immune response modulation by secretome and proteomics, Microbes and Infection, vol.10, issue.1, pp.79-86, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.10.008

C. Lobo, K. De-frazao, M. Rodriguez, M. Reid, and M. Zalis, Invasion Profiles of Brazilian Field Isolates of Plasmodium falciparum: Phenotypic and Genotypic Analyses, Infection and Immunity, vol.72, issue.10, pp.5886-5891, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.72.10.5886-5891.2004

M. Shi, S. Li, C. Zheng, G. Jones, and K. Kim, Real-time imaging of trapping and urease-dependent transmigration of Cryptococcus neoformans in mouse brain, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.120, issue.5, 2010.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI41963DS1

A. Casadevall, Cryptococci at the brain gate: break and enter or use a Trojan horse?, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.120, issue.5, pp.1389-1392, 2010.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI42949

W. Sabiiti and T. Bicanic, Investigating clinical cryptococcosis in the context of phagocyte-Cryptococcus interactions, 2012.

E. Robertson, G. Najjuka, M. Rolfes, A. Akampurira, and N. Jain, Cryptococcus neoformans Ex Vivo Capsule Size Is Associated With Intracranial Pressure and Host Immune Response in HIV-associated Cryptococcal Meningitis, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.209, issue.1, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/jit435

A. Brouwer, P. Teparrukkul, S. Pinpraphaporn, R. Larsen, and W. Chierakul, Baseline Correlation and Comparative Kinetics of Cerebrospinal Fluid Colony???Forming Unit Counts and Antigen Titers in Cryptococcal Meningitis, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.192, issue.4, pp.681-684, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/432073

T. Bicanic, A. Brouwer, G. Meintjes, R. K. Limmathurotsakul, and D. , Relationship of cerebrospinal fluid pressure, fungal burden and outcome in patients with cryptococcal meningitis undergoing serial lumbar punctures, AIDS, vol.23, pp.701-706, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832605fe

O. Lortholary, L. Improvisi, N. M. Provost, F. Dupont, and B. , Fungemia during murine cryptococcosis sheds some light on pathophysiology, Med Mycol, vol.37, pp.169-174, 1999.

C. Charlier, F. Chrétien, M. Baudrimont, E. Mordelet, and O. Lortholary, Capsule Structure Changes Associated with Cryptococcus neoformans Crossing of the Blood-Brain Barrier, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.166, issue.2, pp.421-432, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62265-1

O. Zaragoza and K. Nielsen, Titan cells in Cryptococcus neoformans: cells with a giant impact, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.16, issue.4, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mib.2013.03.006

J. Dworkin and I. Shah, Exit from dormancy in microbial organisms, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.4, issue.12, pp.890-896, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nrmicro2453

M. Chao and E. Rubin, Lie: Does Dormancy Play a Role in Tuberculosis?, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.64, issue.1, pp.293-311, 2010.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134043

I. Keren, S. Minami, E. Rubin, and K. Lewis, Characterization and Transcriptome Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Persisters, mBio, vol.2, issue.3, pp.100-111, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00100-11

D. Murphy and J. Brown, Identification of gene targets against dormant phase Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.30, issue.3, pp.10-1186, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/30.1.42

M. Markus, The hypnozoite concept, with particular reference to malaria, Parasitology Research, vol.4, issue.4, pp.247-252, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00436-010-2072-y

J. Gray, G. Petsko, G. Johnston, D. Ringe, and R. Singer, "Sleeping Beauty": Quiescence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.68, issue.2, pp.187-206, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/MMBR.68.2.187-206.2004

B. Arcangioli, B. Hassine, and S. , Unrepaired oxidative DNA damage induces an ATR/ATM apoptotic-like response in quiescent fission yeast, Cell Cycle, vol.8, issue.15, pp.2326-2331, 2009.
DOI : 10.4161/cc.8.15.9147

C. Lamarre, S. Sokol, J. Debeaupuis, C. Henry, and C. Lacroix, Transcriptomic analysis of the exit from dormancy of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia, BMC Genomics, vol.9, issue.1, pp.417-427, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2164-9-417

T. Kasuga, J. Townsend, C. Tian, L. Gilbert, and G. Mannhaupt, Long-oligomer microarray profiling in Neurospora crassa reveals the transcriptional program underlying biochemical and physiological events of conidial germination, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.33, issue.20, pp.6469-6485, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gki953

M. Botts and C. Hull, Dueling in the lung: how Cryptococcus spores race the host for survival, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.13, issue.4, pp.437-442, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mib.2010.05.003

J. Valcourt, J. Lemons, E. Haley, M. Kojima, and O. Demuren, Staying alive, Cell Cycle, vol.45, issue.9, pp.1680-1696, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/nature10600

J. Aguilera, T. Petit, J. De-winde, and J. Pronk, Physiological and genome-wide transcriptional responses of to high carbon dioxide concentrations, FEMS Yeast Research, vol.5, issue.6-7, pp.579-593, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.09.009

M. Price, M. Betancourt-quiroz, J. Price, D. Toffaletti, and H. Vora, Cryptococcus neoformans Requires a Functional Glycolytic Pathway for Disease but Not Persistence in the Host, mBio, vol.2, issue.3, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00103-11

N. Grahl, K. Shepardson, D. Chung, R. Cramer, and B. Park, Hypoxia and fungal REFERENCES 1 Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS, AIDS, vol.23, pp.525-530, 2009.

A. Casadevall and J. Perfect, Cryptococcus neoformans, pp.407-456, 1998.
DOI : 10.1128/9781555818241

F. Dromer, S. Mathoulin-pélissier, O. Launay, and O. Lortholary, Determinants of Disease Presentation and Outcome during Cryptococcosis: The CryptoA/D Study, PLoS Medicine, vol.21, issue.2, p.21, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040021.sd002

Y. Hsueh, X. Lin, K. Kwon-chung, and J. Heitman, Sexual reproduction of Cryptococcus Cryptococcus: from human pathogen to model yeast, pp.81-96, 2010.

X. Lin and J. Heitman, Species Complex, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.60, issue.1, pp.69-105, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.60.080805.142102

M. Desnos-ollivier, Mixed Infections and In Vivo Evolution in the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, mBio, vol.1, issue.1, pp.91-101, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00091-10

M. Feldmesser, Y. Kress, P. Novikoff, and A. Casadevall, Cryptococcus neoformans Is a Facultative Intracellular Pathogen in Murine Pulmonary Infection, Infection and Immunity, vol.68, issue.7, pp.4225-4237, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.68.7.4225-4237.2000

C. Charlier, Evidence of a Role for Monocytes in Dissemination and Brain Invasion by Cryptococcus neoformans, Infection and Immunity, vol.77, issue.1, pp.120-127, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.01065-08

F. Chrétien, Infection after Fungemia, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.186, issue.4, pp.522-530, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/341564

J. Bliska and A. Casadevall, Intracellular pathogenic bacteria and fungi ??? a case of convergent evolution?, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.62, issue.2, pp.165-171, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nrmicro2049

D. Poeta and M. , Role of Phagocytosis in the Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.3, issue.5, pp.1067-1075, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.3.5.1067-1075.2004

R. Santangelo, Role of Extracellular Phospholipases and Mononuclear Phagocytes in Dissemination of Cryptococcosis in a Murine Model, Infection and Immunity, vol.72, issue.4, pp.2229-2239, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.72.4.2229-2239.2004

H. Ma, The fatal fungal outbreak on Vancouver Island is characterized by enhanced intracellular parasitism driven by mitochondrial regulation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.31, pp.12980-12985, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0902963106

Y. Luo, M. Alvarez, L. Xia, and A. Casadevall, The Outcome of Phagocytic Cell Division with Infectious Cargo Depends on Single Phagosome Formation, PLoS ONE, vol.33, issue.5, p.3219, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0003219.s009

G. Cox, Extracellular phospholipase activity is a virulence factor for Cryptococcus neoformans, Molecular Microbiology, vol.153, issue.1, pp.166-175, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07257.x

G. Cox, J. Mukherjee, G. Cole, A. Casadevall, and J. Perfect, Urease as a Virulence Factor in Experimental Cryptococcosis, Infection and Immunity, vol.68, issue.2, pp.443-448, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.68.2.443-448.2000

P. Williamson, Laccase and melanin in the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans, Frontiers in Bioscience, vol.2, issue.5, pp.99-107, 1997.
DOI : 10.2741/A231

J. Panepinto, The DEAD-box RNA helicase Vad1 regulates multiple virulence-associated genes in Cryptococcus neoformans, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.115, issue.3, pp.632-641, 2005.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI23048DS1

C. Luberto, Roles for inositol-phosphoryl ceramide synthase 1 (IPC1) in pathogenesis of C. neoformans, Genes & Development, vol.15, issue.2, pp.201-212, 2001.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.856001

C. Luberto, Identification of App1 as a regulator of phagocytosis and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.112, issue.7, pp.1080-1094, 2003.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI18309

D. Toffaletti, D. Poeta, M. Rude, T. Dietrich, F. Perfect et al., Regulation of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) expression in Cryptococcus neoformans by temperature and host environment, Microbiology, vol.149, issue.4, pp.1041-1049, 2003.
DOI : 10.1099/mic.0.26021-0

J. Steenbergen, H. Shuman, and A. Casadevall, Cryptococcus neoformans interactions with amoebae suggest an explanation for its virulence and intracellular pathogenic strategy in macrophages, Proc. Natl. Acad, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.261418798

C. Chrisman, M. Alvarez, and A. Casadevall, Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by, and Nonlytic Exocytosis from, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.76, issue.18, pp.6056-6062, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00812-10

B. Fries, C. Taborda, E. Serfass, and A. Casadevall, Phenotypic switching of Cryptococcus neoformans occurs in vivo and influences the outcome of infection, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.108, issue.11, pp.1639-1648, 2001.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI13407

R. Moore, Cytology and ultrastructure of yeasts and yeastlike fungi The yeasts, a taxonomic study, pp.33-44, 1998.

A. Cassone, N. Simonetti, and V. Strippoli, Wall structure and bud formation inCryptococcus neoformans, Archives of Microbiology, vol.7, issue.1, pp.205-212, 1974.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02451762

R. Simmons, Comparison of chitin localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Malassezia spp., Mycological Research, vol.93, issue.4, pp.551-553, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/S0953-7562(89)80053-X

N. Gilbert, J. Lodge, and C. Specht, The cell wall of CryptococcusCryptococcus: from human pathogen to model yeast, pp.67-80, 2010.

A. Lyons and C. Parish, Determination of lymphocyte division by flow cytometry, Journal of Immunological Methods, vol.171, issue.1, pp.131-137, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90236-4

T. Kozel, G. Pfrommer, A. Guerlain, B. Highison, and G. Highison, Strain variation in phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans: dissociation of susceptibility to phagocytosis from activation and binding of opsonic fragments of C3, Infect. Immun, vol.56, pp.2794-2800, 1988.

E. Rosowski, dense granule protein, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.132, issue.1, pp.195-212, 2011.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.20091703

C. Kébaïer, H. Louzir, M. Chenik, B. Salah, A. Dellagi et al., Heterogeneity of Wild Leishmania major Isolates in Experimental Murine Pathogenicity and Specific Immune Response, Infection and Immunity, vol.69, issue.8, pp.4906-4915, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.8.4906-4915.2001

P. Holzmuller, Virulence and pathogenicity patterns of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense field isolates in experimentally infected mouse: differences in host immune response modulation by secretome and proteomics, Microbes and Infection, vol.10, issue.1, pp.79-86, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.10.008

C. Lobo, Invasion Profiles of Brazilian Field Isolates of Plasmodium falciparum: Phenotypic and Genotypic Analyses, Infection and Immunity, vol.72, issue.10, pp.5886-5891, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.72.10.5886-5891.2004

D. Maccallum, Property Differences among the Four Major Candida albicans Strain Clades, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.8, issue.3, pp.373-387, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.00387-08

F. Dromer, A. Casadevall, J. Perfect, and T. Sorrell, Cryptococcus neoformans: latency and diseaseCryptococcus: from human pathogen to model yeast, pp.429-430, 2010.

M. Shi, Real-time imaging of trapping and urease-dependent transmigration of Cryptococcus neoformans in mouse brain, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.120, issue.5, pp.1683-1693, 2010.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI41963DS1

A. Casadevall, Cryptococci at the brain gate: break and enter or use a Trojan horse?, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.120, issue.5, pp.1389-1392, 2010.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI42949

N. Macura, T. Zhang, and A. Casadevall, Dependence of Macrophage Phagocytic Efficacy on Antibody Concentration, Infection and Immunity, vol.75, issue.4, pp.1904-1915, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.01258-06

S. Levitz, Innate Recognition of Fungal Cell Walls, PLoS Pathogens, vol.2, issue.4, p.1000758, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000758.t001

C. Chun, J. Brown, and H. Madhani, A Major Role for Capsule-Independent Phagocytosis-Inhibitory Mechanisms in Mammalian Infection by Cryptococcus neoformans, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.9, issue.3, pp.243-251, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2011.02.003

A. Casadevall, J. Steenbergen, and J. Nosanchuk, ???Ready made??? virulence and ???dual use??? virulence factors in pathogenic environmental fungi ??? the Cryptococcus neoformans paradigm, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.6, issue.4, pp.332-337, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00082-1

G. Hu, P. Cheng, A. Sham, J. Perfect, and J. Kronstad, during early murine pulmonary infection, Molecular Microbiology, vol.5, issue.6, pp.1456-1475, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06374.x

X. Liu, G. Hu, J. Panepinto, and P. Williamson, Role of a VPS41 homologue in starvation response, intracellular survival and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans, Molecular Microbiology, vol.18, issue.5, pp.1132-1146, 2006.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03340.x

G. Hu, PI3K signaling of autophagy is required for starvation tolerance and virulenceof Cryptococcus neoformans, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.118, issue.3, pp.1186-1197, 2008.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI32053

P. Stano, App1: An Antiphagocytic Protein That Binds to Complement Receptors 3 and 2, The Journal of Immunology, vol.182, issue.1, pp.84-91, 2009.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.84

F. Dromer, J. Salamero, A. Contrepois, C. Carbon, and P. Yeni, Production , characterization, and antibody specificity of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide, Infect. Immun, vol.55, pp.742-748, 1987.

W. Fan, P. Kraus, M. Boily, and J. Heitman, Cryptococcus neoformans Gene Expression during Murine Macrophage Infection, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.4, issue.8, pp.1420-1433, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.4.8.1420-1433.2005

C. Xue, Y. Tada, X. Dong, and J. Heitman, The Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus Can Complete Its Sexual Cycle during a Pathogenic Association with Plants, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.1, issue.4, pp.263-273, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2007.05.005

C. Xue, Role of an Expanded Inositol Transporter Repertoire in Cryptococcus neoformans Sexual Reproduction and Virulence, mBio, vol.1, issue.1, pp.84-94, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00084-10

M. Pfaffl, A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.29, issue.9, p.45, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/29.9.e45

J. Hellemans, G. Mortier, A. De-paepe, F. Speleman, and J. Vandesompele, qBase relative quantification framework and software for management and automated analysis of real-time quantitative PCR data, Genome Biology, vol.8, issue.2, p.19, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/gb-2007-8-2-r19

A. Saeed, TM4: a free, open-source system for microarray data management and analysis, Biotechniques, vol.34, pp.374-378, 2003.