Olfactory outcomes in Zika virus-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome

Françoise Lazarini (1) , Annie Lannuzel (2, 3, 4) , André Cabié (2, 5, 6) , Vincent Michel (1) , Yoann Madec (7) , Hugo Chaumont (2, 3, 4) , Isabelle Calmont (2, 5) , Mathilde Favrat (1) , Xavier Montagutelli (8) , Emmanuel Roze (3, 9) , Pierre-Marie Lledo (1)

1 Perception et Mémoire / Perception and Memory
2 CIC - Antilles Guyane - Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane
3 ICM - Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute
4 CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe]
5 CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]
6 PCCEI - Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections
7 Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology
8 Génétique de la souris - Mouse Genetics
9 CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP]

Background: Zika Virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Yet, little is known about the consequence of ZIKV infection on olfaction in humans. Methods: Just right before the COVID-19 outbreak, we prospectively investigated the olfacto-ry capacities of 19 patients with ZIKV-associated GBS from the French West Indies and com-pared them to 9 controls from the same population, with a GBS of similar severity but inde-pendent of Zika infection. To provide further evidence that ZIKV infection induces smell altera-tion, we investigated the consequences of ZIKV infection on olfactory abilities using a mouse model. Results: Patients with GBS-Zika+ had a poorer olfactory function than GBS-non-Zika, even one to two years after the acute phase. The proportion of patients with hyposmia was signifi-cantly higher in GBS-Zika+ than in GBS-non-Zika group (68.4% versus 22.2%, P=0.042). These deficits were characterized by lower threshold and identification scores and were inde-pendent from GBS severity. Additionally, ZIKV infection was found to impair olfaction in immu-nodeficient mice infected with ZIKV. High viral load was observed in their olfactory system and downstream brain structures. ZIKV promoted both cellular damages in the olfactory neuroepi-thelium and protracted inflammation of the olfactory bulb, likely accounting for smell alteration. Conclusions: Patients with ZIKV-related GBS had a poorer long-term olfactory function than patients with GBS-non-Zika and ZIKV-infected mice are hyposmic. These observations sug-gest that ZIKV belongs to the list of viruses affecting the olfactory system. Clinical evaluation of the olfactory system should be considered for ZIKV-infected patients.

Mots clés: Guillain Barré Syndrome; Zika; Olfaction; hyposmia; olfactory threshold

Domaines: Neurosciences [q-bio.NC]

Françoise Lazarini, Annie Lannuzel, André Cabié, Vincent Michel, Yoann Madec, et al.. Olfactory outcomes in Zika virus-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome. European Journal of Neurology, 2022, 29 (9), pp.2823-2831. ⟨10.1111/ene.15444⟩. ⟨pasteur-03695748⟩