X. Sáez-llorens, G. H. Mccracken, and J. , Bacterial meningitis in children, Lancet, vol.361, pp.13693-13701, 2003.

D. Van-de-beek, J. De-gans, A. R. Tunkel, and E. F. Wijdicks, Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults, N Engl J Med, vol.354, pp.44-53, 2006.

,

J. Dumont and L. Cotoni, Bacille semblable au bacille du rouget du porc rencontré dans le liquide céphalorachidien d'un méningitique, Ann Inst Pasteur, vol.35, pp.625-658, 1921.

E. Murray, R. A. Webb, and M. Swann, A disease of rabbits characterised by a large mononuclear leucocytosis caused by hitherto undescribed bacillus Bacterium monocytogenes (n. sp.), J Pathol Bacteriol, vol.29, pp.407-446, 1926.

J. Pirie, A new disease of veld rodents, Pub South Africa Inst Med Res, vol.62, pp.163-86, 1927.

W. F. Schlech, P. M. Lavigne, R. A. Bortolussi, A. C. Allen, E. V. Haldane et al., Epidemic listeriosisevidence for transmission by food, N Engl J Med, vol.308, pp.203-209, 1983.

J. A. Vázquez-boland, M. Kuhn, P. Berche, T. Chakraborty, G. Domínguez-bernal et al., Listeria pathogenesis and molecular virulence determinants, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.14, pp.584-640, 2001.

,

E. Authority, The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-borne Outbreaks in 2009, EFSA Journal, vol.9, 2011.

A. Mailles, M. Lecuit, V. Goulet, A. Leclercq, and J. P. Stahl, National Study on Listeriosis Encephalitis Steering Committee. Listeria monocytogenes encephalitis in France, Med Mal Infect, vol.41, pp.594-601, 2011.

A. Mailles and J. P. Stahl, Infectious encephalitis in france in 2007: a national prospective study, Clin Infect Dis, vol.49, pp.1838-1885, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00515790

J. W. Tappero, A. Schuchat, K. A. Deaver, L. Mascola, and J. D. Wenger, Reduction in the incidence of human listeriosis in the United States. Effectiveness of prevention efforts? The Listeriosis Study Group, JAMA, vol.273, pp.1118-1140, 1995.

A. C. Voetsch, F. J. Angulo, T. F. Jones, M. R. Moore, C. Nadon et al., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emerging Infections Program Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network Working Group. Reduction in the incidence of invasive listeriosis in foodborne diseases active surveillance network sites, Clin Infect Dis, vol.44, pp.513-533, 1996.

V. Goulet, C. Hedberg, L. Monnier, A. De-valk, and H. , Increasing incidence of listeriosis in France and other European countries, Emerg Infect Dis, vol.14, pp.734-774, 2008.

,

I. A. Gillespie, J. Mclauchlin, C. L. Little, C. Penman, P. Mook et al., Disease presentation in relation to infection foci for non-pregnancy-associated human listeriosis in England and Wales, J Clin Microbiol, vol.47, pp.3301-3308, 2001.

F. Allerberger and M. Wagner, Listeriosis: a resurgent foodborne infection, Clin Microbiol Infect, vol.16, pp.16-23, 2010.

,

S. L. Huang, Y. T. Chou, Y. C. Hsieh, Y. C. Huang, T. Y. Lin et al., Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes bacteremia in a Taiwanese medical center, J Microbiol Immunol Infect, vol.43, issue.10, pp.60075-60083, 2010.

E. G. Pamer, Immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes, Nat Rev Immunol, vol.4, pp.812-835, 2004.

M. Hamon, H. Bierne, and P. Cossart, Listeria monocytogenes: a multifaceted model, Nat Rev Microbiol, vol.4, pp.423-457, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02667803

D. A. Drevets, P. J. Leenen, and R. A. Greenfield, Invasion of the central nervous system by intracellular bacteria, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.17, pp.323-370, 2004.

,

A. Oevermann, A. Zurbriggen, and M. Vandevelde, Rhombencephalitis Caused by Listeria monocytogenes in Humans and Ruminants: A Zoonosis on the Rise?, Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis, p.632513, 2010.

,

C. Guillet, O. Join-lambert, L. Monnier, A. Leclercq, A. Mechaï et al., Human listeriosis caused by Listeria ivanovii, Emerg Infect Dis, vol.16, pp.136-144, 2010.

L. Eriksen, H. E. Larsen, T. Christiansen, M. M. Jensen, and E. Eriksen, An outbreak of meningo-encephalitis in fallow deer caused by Listeria monocytogenes, Vet Rec, vol.122, pp.274-280, 1988.

M. T. Butt, A. Weldon, D. Step, D. Lahunta, A. Huxtable et al., Encephalitic listeriosis in two adult llamas (Lama glama): clinical presentations, lesions and immunofluorescence of Listeria monocytogenes in brainstem lesions, Cornell Vet, vol.81, pp.251-259, 1991.

R. J. Avery and J. L. Byrne, An Attempt To Determine The Incidence Of Listeria Monocytogenes In The Brain Of Mammals, Can J Comp Med Vet Sci, vol.23, pp.296-300, 1959.

K. Raith, T. Müntener, M. Vandevelde, and A. Oevermann, Encephalomyelitis resembling human and ruminant rhombencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in a feline leukemia virus-infected cat, J Vet Intern Med, vol.24, pp.983-988, 2010.

I. M. Langohr, J. A. Ramos-vara, C. C. Wu, and S. F. Froderman, Listeric meningoencephalomyelitis in a cougar (Felis concolor): characterization by histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular methods, Vet Pathol, vol.43, pp.381-384, 2006.

T. Aoyagi, Y. Sato, S. Matsuura, and H. Wada, Listeriosis in a raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) associated with canine distemper, J Vet Med Sci, vol.62, pp.639-680, 2000.

H. E. Clauss and B. Lorber, Central nervous system infection with Listeria monocytogenes, Curr Infect Dis Rep, vol.10, pp.300-306, 2008.

B. B. Mook-kanamori, M. Geldhoff, T. Van-der-poll, and D. Van-de-beek, Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.24, pp.557-91, 2011.

N. E. Rosenstein, B. A. Perkins, D. S. Stephens, T. Popovic, and J. M. Hughes, Meningococcal disease, N Engl J Med, vol.344, pp.1378-88, 2001.

D. C. Turk, The pathogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae, J Med Microbiol, vol.18, pp.1-16, 1984.

,

G. E. Thwaites and T. H. Tran, Tuberculous meningitis: many questions, too few answers, Lancet Neurol, vol.4, pp.160-70, 2005.

A. M. Tenter, A. R. Heckeroth, and L. M. Weiss, Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans, Int J Parasitol, vol.30, pp.124-131, 2000.

S. U. Jantzen, S. Ferrea, T. Langebner, W. Gaebel, M. Griese et al., Late-stage neurosyphilis presenting with severe neuropsychiatric deficits: diagnosis, therapy, and course of three patients, J Neurol, vol.259, pp.720-728, 2012.

,

R. E. Rhoades, J. M. Tabor-godwin, G. Tsueng, and R. Feuer, Enterovirus infections of the central nervous system, Virology, vol.411, pp.288-305, 2011.

M. C. Brouwer, D. Van-de-beek, S. G. Heckenberg, L. Spanjaard, and J. De-gans, Community-acquired Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in adults, Clin Infect Dis, vol.43, pp.1233-1241, 2006.

E. Mylonakis, E. L. Hohmann, and S. B. Calderwood, Central nervous system infection with Listeria monocytogenes. 33 years' experience at a general hospital and review of 776 episodes from the literature, Medicine (Baltimore), vol.77, pp.313-349, 1998.

A. Schuchat, K. Robinson, J. D. Wenger, L. H. Harrison, M. Farley et al., Active Surveillance Team. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995, N Engl J Med, vol.337, pp.970-976, 1997.

,

D. Van-de-beek, J. De-gans, L. Spanjaard, M. Weisfelt, J. B. Reitsma et al., Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis, N Engl J Med, vol.351, pp.1849-59, 2004.

,

M. Dossou-gbete, L. Maurer, P. Meyer, P. Lozniewski, A. Kuntzburger et al., Is amoxicillincotrimoxazole the most appropriate antibiotic regimen for listeria meningoencephalitis? Review of 22 cases and the literature, J Infect, vol.33, pp.79-85, 1996.

, , pp.92929-92930

F. Izbéki, F. Nagy, Z. Szepes, I. Kiss, J. Lonovics et al., Severe Listeria meningoencephalitis in an infliximabtreated patient with Crohn's disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis, vol.14, pp.429-460, 2008.

P. B. Eckburg, J. G. Montoya, and K. L. Vosti, Brain abscess due to Listeria monocytogenes: five cases and a review of the literature, Medicine (Baltimore), vol.80, pp.223-258, 2001.

B. Lorber and . Listeriosis, Clin Infect Dis, vol.24, pp.10-11, 1997.

W. F. Schlech, Foodborne listeriosis, Clin Infect Dis, vol.31, pp.770-775, 2000.

H. Eck, Encephalomyelitis listeriaca apostematosa, Schweiz Med Wochenschr, vol.87, pp.210-214, 1957.

E. A. Antal, E. Dietrichs, E. M. Løberg, K. K. Melby, and J. Maehlen,

, Scand J Infect Dis, vol.37, pp.190-194, 2005.

,

R. W. Armstrong and P. C. Fung, Brainstem encephalitis (rhombencephalitis) due to Listeria monocytogenes: case report and review, Clin Infect Dis, vol.16, pp.689-702, 1993.

E. A. Antal, E. M. Løberg, E. Dietrichs, and J. Maehlen, Neuropathological findings in 9 cases of listeria monocytogenes brain stem encephalitis, Brain Pathol, vol.15, pp.187-91, 2005.

D. A. Gill, Circling" disease: a meningoencephalitis of sheep in New Zealand, Vet J, vol.89, pp.258-70, 1933.

Y. Akiyama, O. Asahi, and T. Hosoda, Studies on the mechanism of infection of the brain with Listeria monocytogenes, Am J Vet Res, vol.18, pp.147-57, 1957.

J. C. Low and W. Donachie, A review of Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis, Vet J, vol.153, pp.9-29, 1997.

, , pp.80005-80011

U. Braun, C. Stehle, and F. Ehrensperger, Clinical findings and treatment of listeriosis in 67 sheep and goats, Vet Rec, vol.150, pp.38-42, 2002.

G. Schweizer, F. Ehrensperger, P. R. Torgerson, and U. Braun, Clinical findings and treatment of 94 cattle presumptively diagnosed with listeriosis, Vet Rec, vol.158, pp.588-92, 2006.

A. Oevermann, D. Palma, S. Doherr, M. G. Abril, C. Zurbriggen et al., Neuropathogenesis of naturally occurring encephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in ruminants, Brain Pathol, vol.20, pp.378-90, 2010.

M. Lecuit, S. Vandormael-pournin, J. Lefort, M. Huerre, P. Gounon et al., A transgenic model for listeriosis: role of internalin in crossing the intestinal barrier, Science, vol.292, pp.1722-1727, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02456808

,

G. Nikitas, C. Deschamps, O. Disson, T. Niault, P. Cossart et al., Transcytosis of Listeria monocytogenes across the intestinal barrier upon specific targeting of goblet cell accessible E-cadherin, J Exp Med, vol.208, pp.2263-77, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02040395

O. Disson, S. Grayo, E. Huillet, G. Nikitas, F. Langa-vives et al., Conjugated action of two speciesspecific invasion proteins for fetoplacental listeriosis, Nature, vol.455, pp.1114-1122, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02456680

N. Khelef, M. Lecuit, H. Bierne, and P. Cossart, Species specificity of the Listeria monocytogenes InlB protein, Cell Microbiol, vol.8, pp.457-70, 2006.

,

M. Lecuit, D. M. Nelson, S. D. Smith, H. Khun, M. Huerre et al., Targeting and crossing of the human maternofetal barrier by Listeria monocytogenes: role of internalin interaction with trophoblast E-cadherin, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.101, pp.6152-6159, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02456710

C. Jacquet, M. Doumith, J. I. Gordon, P. M. Martin, P. Cossart et al., A molecular marker for evaluating the pathogenic potential of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes, J Infect Dis, vol.189, pp.2094-100, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02683027

K. S. Kim, Mechanisms of microbial traversal of the blood-brain barrier, Nat Rev Microbiol, vol.6, pp.625-659, 2008.

N. J. Abbott, A. A. Patabendige, D. E. Dolman, S. R. Yusof, and D. J. Begley, Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier, Neurobiol Dis, vol.37, pp.13-25, 2010.

,

L. L. Rubin, D. E. Hall, S. Porter, K. Barbu, C. Cannon et al., A cell culture model of the bloodbrain barrier, J Cell Biol, vol.115, pp.1725-1760, 1991.

N. J. Abbott, L. Rönnbäck, and E. Hansson, Astrocyteendothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier, Nat Rev Neurosci, vol.7, pp.41-53, 2006.

H. Wolburg and W. Paulus, Choroid plexus: biology and pathology, Acta Neuropathol, vol.119, pp.75-88, 2010.

,

S. K. Parida, E. Domann, M. Rohde, S. Müller, A. Darji et al., Internalin B is essential for adhesion and mediates the invasion of Listeria monocytogenes into human endothelial cells, Mol Microbiol, vol.28, pp.81-93, 1998.

L. Greiffenberg, W. Goebel, K. S. Kim, I. Weiglein, A. Bubert et al., Interaction of Listeria monocytogenes with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: InlB-dependent invasion, long-term intracellular growth, and spread from macrophages to endothelial cells, Infect Immun, vol.66, pp.5260-5267, 1998.

L. Greiffenberg, W. Goebel, K. S. Kim, J. Daniels, and M. Kuhn, Interaction of Listeria monocytogenes with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: an electron microscopic study, Infect Immun, vol.68, pp.3275-3284, 2000.

, , pp.3275-3279, 2000.

D. Cabanes, S. Sousa, A. Cebriá, M. Lecuit, G. Portillo et al., Gp96 is a receptor for a novel Listeria monocytogenes virulence factor, Vip, a surface protein, EMBO J, vol.24, pp.2827-2865, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02683320

,

Y. Liu, R. Mittal, N. V. Solis, N. V. Prasadarao, and S. G. Filler, Mechanisms of Candida albicans trafficking to the brain, PLoS Pathog, vol.7, 2011.

,

N. V. Prasadarao, P. K. Srivastava, R. S. Rudrabhatla, K. S. Kim, S. H. Huang et al., Cloning and expression of the Escherichia coli K1 outer membrane protein A receptor, a gp96 homologue, Infect Immun, vol.71, pp.1680-1688, 2003.

S. Kayal, A. Lilienbaum, O. Join-lambert, X. Li, A. Israël et al., Listeria monocytogenes potently induces up-regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules and neutrophil adhesion to cultured human endothelial cells, Mol Microbiol, vol.44, pp.1970-1976, 1997.

S. L. Wilson and D. A. Drevets, Listeria monocytogenes infection and activation of human brain microvascular endothelial cells, J Infect Dis, vol.178, pp.1658-66, 1998.

,

R. Peluso, A. Haase, L. Stowring, M. Edwards, and P. Ventura, A Trojan Horse mechanism for the spread of visna virus in monocytes, Virology, vol.147, pp.90246-90252, 1985.

M. M. Westcott, C. J. Henry, A. S. Cook, K. W. Grant, and E. M. Hiltbold, Differential susceptibility of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophages to productive infection with Listeria monocytogenes, Cell Microbiol, vol.9, pp.1397-411, 2007.

,

B. Pron, C. Boumaila, F. Jaubert, P. Berche, G. Milon et al., Dendritic cells are early cellular targets of Listeria monocytogenes after intestinal delivery and are involved in bacterial spread in the host, Cell Microbiol, vol.3, pp.331-371, 2001.

,

D. A. Drevets, M. J. Dillon, J. S. Schawang, N. Van-rooijen, J. Ehrchen et al., The Ly-6Chigh monocyte subpopulation transports Listeria monocytogenes into the brain during systemic infection of mice, J Immunol, vol.172, pp.4418-4442, 2004.

O. F. Join-lambert, S. Ezine, L. Monnier, A. Jaubert, F. Okabe et al., Listeria monocytogenesinfected bone marrow myeloid cells promote bacterial invasion of the central nervous system, Cell Microbiol, vol.7, pp.167-80, 2005.

D. A. Drevets, M. J. Dillon, J. E. Schawang, J. A. Stoner, and P. J. Leenen, IFN-gamma triggers CCR2-independent monocyte entry into the brain during systemic infection by virulent Listeria monocytogenes, Brain Behav Immun, vol.24, pp.919-948, 2010.

S. López, N. Prats, and A. J. Marco, Expression of E-selectin, P-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 during experimental murine listeriosis, Am J Pathol, vol.155, issue.10, pp.65241-65249, 1999.

S. Dramsi, S. Lévi, A. Triller, and P. Cossart, Entry of Listeria monocytogenes into neurons occurs by cell-to-cell spread: an in vitro study, Infect Immun, vol.66, pp.4461-4469, 1998.

E. A. Antal, E. M. Løberg, P. Bracht, K. K. Melby, J. Maehlen et al., Evidence for intraaxonal spread of Listeria monocytogenes from the periphery to the central nervous system, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.11, pp.931-934, 1979.

,

R. Medina-flores, A. Germanwala, J. T. Molina, C. C. Meltzer, and C. A. Wiley, a 59-year-old woman with sudden onset of diplopia. Listerial rhombencephalitis, Brain Pathol, vol.14, pp.225-231, 2003.

,

H. Madarame, T. Seuberlich, C. Abril, A. Zurbriggen, M. Vandevelde et al., The distribution of E-cadherin expression in listeric rhombencephalitis of ruminants indicates its involvement in Listeria monocytogenes neuroinvasion, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, vol.37, pp.753-67, 2011.

D. Schlüter, E. Domann, C. Buck, T. Hain, H. Hof et al., Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C from Listeria monocytogenes is an important virulence factor in murine cerebral listeriosis, Infect Immun, vol.66, pp.5930-5938, 1998.

M. Lecuit, S. Dramsi, C. Gottardi, M. Fedor-chaiken, B. Gumbiner et al., A single amino acid in E-cadherin responsible for host specificity towards the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, EMBO J, vol.18, pp.3956-63, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02456831

L. Balandyté, I. Brodard, J. Frey, A. Oevermann, and C. Abril, Ruminant rhombencephalitis-associated Listeria monocytogenes alleles linked to a multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis complex, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.77, pp.8325-8360, 2011.

N. Autret, I. Dubail, P. Trieu-cuot, P. Berche, and A. Charbit, Identification of new genes involved in the virulence of Listeria monocytogenes by signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis, Infect Immun, vol.69, pp.2054-65, 2001.

N. Autret, C. Raynaud, I. Dubail, P. Berche, and A. Charbit, Identification of the agr locus of Listeria monocytogenes: role in bacterial virulence, Infect Immun, vol.71, pp.4463-71, 2003.

M. Lecuit, Human listeriosis and animal models, Microbes Infect, vol.9, pp.1216-1241, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02666603

,

O. Disson, G. Nikitas, S. Grayo, O. Dussurget, P. Cossart et al., Modeling human listeriosis in natural and genetically engineered animals, Nat Protoc, vol.4, pp.799-810, 2009.

S. Blanot, M. M. Joly, F. Vilde, F. Jaubert, O. Clement et al., A gerbil model for rhombencephalitis due to Listeria monocytogenes, Microb Pathog, vol.23, pp.39-48, 1997.