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) and solution B for Renilla luminescence (25 mM Na 4 PPi, 10 mM NaAc, 15 mM EDTA, 500 mM Na 2 SO 4 , 500 mM NaCl, 50 mM 4-(6-Methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)aniline, 4 mM benzyl-coelenterazine, pH 5.0). For assays of IFN signaling, cells were treated 7 h post-transfection with 1000 U/mL IFNa (PBL Interferon Source) for 16 h before analysis by dual luciferase assay, HEK293-T cells cultured in wells of a 24-well plate were co-transfected with pEGFP-C1 constructs encoding GFP-fused WT or mutant P-protein, pRL-TK (Promega) (which constitutively expresses Renilla luciferase) and either pISRE-Luc (Stratagene, for type I IFN signaling assays) or pGL3-IFNb (kindly provided by Rongtuan Lin, vol.29, 1934. ,
Cells were infected at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 FFU/cell, or mock infected, then treated 24 h later without or with 1000 U/mL IFNa, before analysis using the Firefly Luciferase kit (Promega, France) after 24 h incubation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) COS-7 cells growing on coverslips were transfected with pEGFP-C1 plasmids expressing WT or mutant P-protein using Lipofectamine 3000 (ThermoFisher) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cells were treated 16 h post-transfection without or with IFNa (1000 U/mL, 30 min) before fixation (3.7% formaldehyde, 10 min) and permeabilization (90% methanol, 5 min). Cells were immunostained with rabbit anti-STAT1 (CST, Cat# 14994; 1:1000 overnight 4 C) followed by Alexa Fluor-568 conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (ThermoFisher, Cat #A-11011; 1:1000 90 min RT). Coverslips mounted onto glass slides using Mowiol were imaged using a Leica SP5 microscope, 12-well dishes were transfected with 0.4 mg pRVDI-luc, 0.6 mg pC-RN, 0.2 mg pC-RL, 0.025 mg pRL-TK, and 0.1 mg pEGFP-C1 encoding GFP-fused WT or mutant P-protein, using Lipofectamine, p.293, 2000. ,
2014) chimeric constructs, and 5 ng of pGL4.50 (Promega), which constitutively expresses firefly luciferase. Cells were treated without or with IFNa (1000 U/mL) 24 h post-transfection and Gaussia and firefly luciferase activities measured after a further 24 h using the Renilla and Firefly Luciferase Assay Systems (Promega), respectively. Gaussia-luciferase activity was normalized to firefly luciferase activity. Protein-protein interaction levels are expressed as normalized luminescence ratios (NLRs), according to the following formula, Protein Complementation Assay HEK293-T cells seeded into 96-well plates were transfected 18 h later with 100 ng of Glu1 and Glu2, 2011. ,
, where Glu1A and Glu2B are chimeric proteins, and Glu1 and Glu2 empty vectors
, Co-immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting For co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays, COS-7 cells seeded into 6-well trays were transfected to express GFP-fused P-proteins prior to treatment without or with 1000 U/mL IFNa 16 h post-transfection. At different time points post-treatment, cells were washed twice with PBS and harvested into 200 mL of cell lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl
2010) using OneTaq DNA Polymerase (NEB, catalog # M0482S). PCR was purified using Wizardâ SV Gel and PCR Clean-up system. For gel shift experiments, 200 ng of DNA were incubated in 15 mL of 50 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 100 mM NaCl, and 2 mM DTT, pH 7.4 for 1 h at room temperature with recombinant protein (pY-STAT1, WT or mutant P-CTD, or pY-STAT1 pre-incubated with WT or mutant P-CTD at room temperature for 20 min). 3 mL of DNA loading dye (0.25% Orange-G and 50% glycerol in milli-Q water) was then added to each sample prior to electrophoresis on a 1.2% agarose gel. 2-log DNA ladder (NEB) was used to indicate the size of the bands. Gels were run in 1x TAE buffer (40 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, 20 mM glacial acetic acid) and 0.5x SYBR-safe, Lysate was passed through a 27G needle 10 times, and incubated on ice (30 min) before centrifugation (12000 g, 10 min, 4 C). 10% of cleared lysate ('input' sample) was solubilised in SDS-PAGE loading buffer and the remainder subjected to co-IP using the GFP-Trap-MAG system (Chromotek) according to manufacturer's instructions, before elution using SDS-PAGE loading buffer. Input and co-IP samples were separated by SDS-PAGE before western blotting and analysis using mouse anti-pY-STAT1 (CST, cat. #9176), rabbit anti-STAT1 (CST, cat. #14994), and rabbit anti-GFP (Abcam, cat. #ab6556), vol.29, 1934. ,