Genomic sequence of the pathogenic and allergenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus
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William C Nierman
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Arnab Pain
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Clara Bermejo
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Joan Bennett
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Dan Chen
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Richard Coulsen
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Nadia Fedorova
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Natalie Fedorova
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Tamara V Feldblyum
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Reinhard Fischer
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Nigel Fosker
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José García
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Maria J García
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Arlette Goble
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Katsuya Gomi
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Sam Griffith-Jones
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Ryan Gwilliam
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Brian Haas
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David Harris
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H. Horiuchi
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Jiaqi Huang
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Javier F. Jiménez
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Hoda Khouri
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Katsuhiko Kitamoto
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Tetsuo Kobayashi
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Resham Kulkarni
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Toshitaka Kumagai
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Angela Lord
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Yasmin Mohamoud
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Maria Molina
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Stephanie Mulligan
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Susan O'Neil
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Ian T. Paulsen
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Miguel A Peñalva
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Mihaela Pertea
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Claire Price
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Bethan L Pritchard
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Neil Rawlins
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Marie-Adele Rajandream
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Utz Reichard
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Hubert Renauld
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Geoffrey D Robson
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Santiago Rodriguez de Córdoba
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Jose M Rodríguez-Peña
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Catherine M Ronning
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Simon Rutter
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Steven L Salzberg
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Miguel Sanchez
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Juan C Sánchez-Ferrero
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Kathy Seeger
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Rob Squares
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Steven Squares
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Michio Takeuchi
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Geoffrey Turner
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Carlos Vázquez de Aldana
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Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is exceptional among microorganisms in being both a primary and opportunistic pathogen as well as a major allergen. Its conidia production is prolific, and so human respiratory tract exposure is almost constant. A. fumigatus is isolated from human habitats and vegetable compost heaps. In immunocompromised individuals, the incidence of invasive infection can be as high as 50% and the mortality rate is often about 50% (ref. 2). The interaction of A. fumigatus and other airborne fungi with the immune system is increasingly linked to severe asthma and sinusitis. Although the burden of invasive disease caused by A. fumigatus is substantial, the basic biology of the organism is mostly obscure. Here we show the complete 29.4-megabase genome sequence of the clinical isolate Af293, which consists of eight chromosomes containing 9,926 predicted genes. Microarray analysis revealed temperature-dependent expression of distinct sets of genes, as well as 700 A. fumigatus genes not present or significantly diverged in the closely related sexual species Neosartorya fischeri, many of which may have roles in the pathogenicity phenotype. The Af293 genome sequence provides an unparalleled resource for the future understanding of this remarkable fungus.