H. Peltola, Meningococcal disease: still with us, Rev Infect Dis, vol.5, pp.71-91, 1983.

A. Schuchat, K. Robinson, J. D. Wenger, L. H. Harrison, and M. Farley, Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. Active Surveillance Team, N Engl J Med, vol.337, pp.970-976, 1997.

M. Van-deuren, P. Brandtzaeg, and J. W. Van-der-meer, Update on meningococcal disease with emphasis on pathogenesis and clinical management, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.13, pp.144-166, 2000.

K. A. Cartwright, J. M. Stuart, D. M. Jones, and N. D. Noah, The Stonehouse survey: nasopharyngeal carriage of meningococci and Neisseria lactamica, Epidemiol Infect, vol.99, pp.591-601, 1987.

H. J. Orr, S. J. Gray, M. Macdonald, and J. M. Stuart, Saliva and meningococcal transmission, Emerg Infect Dis, vol.9, pp.1314-1315, 2003.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0910.030344
URL : https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0910.030344

I. Goldschneider, E. C. Gotschlich, and M. S. Artenstein, Human immunity to the meningococcus. II. Development of natural immunity, J Exp Med, vol.129, pp.1327-1348, 1969.

P. Densen, Interaction of complement with Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.2, pp.11-17, 1989.

M. Emonts, J. A. Hazelzet, R. De-groot, and P. W. Hermans, Host genetic determinants of Neisseria meningitidis infections, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.3, pp.565-577, 2003.

M. C. Maiden, J. A. Bygraves, E. Feil, G. Morelli, and J. E. Russell, Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.95, pp.3140-3145, 1998.

D. A. Caugant, Population genetics and molecular epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis, Apmis, vol.106, pp.505-525, 1998.

S. P. Yazdankhah, P. Kriz, G. Tzanakaki, J. Kremastinou, and J. Kalmusova, Distribution of serogroups and genotypes among disease-associated and carried isolates of Neisseria meningitidis from the Czech Republic, Greece, and Norway, J Clin Microbiol, vol.42, pp.5146-5153, 2004.

K. A. Jolley, J. Kalmusova, E. J. Feil, S. Gupta, and M. Musilek, Carried meningococci in the Czech Republic: a diverse recombining population, J Clin Microbiol, vol.38, pp.4492-4498, 2000.

M. L. Zarantonelli, M. Lancellotti, A. E. Deghmane, D. Giorgini, and E. Hong, Hyperinvasive genotypes of Neisseria meningitidis in France, Clin Microbiol Infect, vol.14, pp.467-472, 2008.

C. Schoen, J. Blom, H. Claus, A. Schramm-gluck, and P. Brandt, Wholegenome comparison of disease and carriage strains provides insights into virulence evolution in Neisseria meningitidis, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.105, pp.3473-3478, 2008.

N. J. Klein, C. A. Ison, M. Peakman, M. Levin, and S. Hammerschmidt, The influence of capsulation and lipooligosaccharide structure on neutrophil adhesion molecule expression and endothelial injury by Neisseria meningitidis, J Infect Dis, vol.173, pp.172-179, 1996.

M. Virji, H. Kayhty, D. J. Ferguson, C. Alexandrescu, and J. E. Heckels, The role of pili in the interactions of pathogenic Neisseria with cultured human endothelial cells, Mol Microbiol, vol.5, pp.1831-1841, 1991.

J. C. Mercier, F. Beaufils, J. F. Hartmann, and D. Azema, Hemodynamic patterns of meningococcal shock in children, Crit Care Med, vol.16, pp.27-33, 1988.

K. A. Birkness, B. L. Swisher, E. H. White, E. G. Long, E. P. Ewing et al., A tissue culture bilayer model to study the passage of Neisseria meningitidis, Infect Immun, vol.63, pp.402-409, 1995.

D. S. Stephens and M. M. Farley, Pathogenic events during infection of the human nasopharynx with Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae, Rev Infect Dis, vol.13, pp.22-33, 1991.

R. C. Read, A. Fox, K. Miller, T. Gray, and N. Jones, Experimental infection of human nasal mucosal explants with Neisseria meningitidis, J Med Microbiol, vol.42, pp.353-361, 1995.

H. S. Warren, R. G. Gonzalez, and D. Tian, Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 38-2003. A 12-year-old girl with fever and coma, N Engl J Med, vol.349, pp.2341-2349, 2003.

A. E. Deghmane, C. Veckerle, D. Giorgini, E. Hong, and C. Ruckly, Differential modulation of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis by Neisseria meningitidis, PLoS Pathog, vol.5, p.1000405, 2009.

P. J. Barnes and M. Karin, Nuclear factor-kappaB: a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases, N Engl J Med, vol.336, pp.1066-1071, 1997.

D. M. Rothwarf and M. Karin, The NF-kappa B activation pathway: a paradigm in information transfer from membrane to nucleus, Sci STKE, p.1, 1999.

C. Y. Wang, M. W. Mayo, R. G. Korneluk, D. V. Goeddel, and A. S. Baldwin, NFkappaB antiapoptosis: induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 to suppress caspase-8 activation, Science, vol.281, pp.1680-1683, 1998.

M. Rhen, S. Eriksson, and S. Pettersson, Bacterial adaptation to host innate immunity responses, Curr Opin Microbiol, vol.3, pp.60-64, 2000.

T. Kawai and S. Akira, TLR signaling, Cell Death Differ, vol.13, pp.816-825, 2006.

R. Medzhitov, P. Preston-hurlburt, E. Kopp, A. Stadlen, and C. Chen, MyD88 is an adaptor protein in the hToll/IL-1 receptor family signaling pathways, Mol Cell, vol.2, pp.253-258, 1998.

M. Yamamoto, S. Sato, K. Mori, K. Hoshino, and O. Takeuchi, Cutting edge: a novel Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adapter that preferentially activates the IFN-beta promoter in the Toll-like receptor signaling, J Immunol, vol.169, pp.6668-6672, 2002.

M. Yamamoto, S. Sato, H. Hemmi, H. Sanjo, and S. Uematsu, Essential role for TIRAP in activation of the signalling cascade shared by TLR2 and TLR4, Nature, vol.420, pp.324-329, 2002.

A. Aderem and R. J. Ulevitch, Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response, Nature, vol.406, pp.782-787, 2000.

T. J. Jensen, M. A. Loo, S. Pind, D. B. Williams, and A. L. Goldberg, Multiple proteolytic systems, including the proteasome, contribute to CFTR processing, Cell, vol.83, pp.129-135, 1995.

K. L. Rock, C. Gramm, L. Rothstein, K. Clark, and R. Stein, Inhibitors of the proteasome block the degradation of most cell proteins and the generation of peptides presented on MHC class I molecules, Cell, vol.78, pp.761-771, 1994.

A. A. Beg and D. Baltimore, An essential role for NF-kappaB in preventing TNF-alpha-induced cell death, Science, vol.274, pp.782-784, 1996.

Z. G. Liu, H. Hsu, D. V. Goeddel, and M. Karin, Dissection of TNF receptor 1 effector functions: JNK activation is not linked to apoptosis while NF-kappaB activation prevents cell death, Cell, vol.87, pp.565-576, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81375-6
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81375-6

D. J. Van-antwerp, S. J. Martin, T. Kafri, D. R. Green, and I. M. Verma, Suppression of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis by NF-kappaB, Science, vol.274, pp.787-789, 1996.

C. Y. Wang, M. W. Mayo, and A. S. Baldwin, TNF-and cancer therapyinduced apoptosis: potentiation by inhibition of NF-kappaB, Science, vol.274, pp.784-787, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.274.5288.784

M. Wu, H. Lee, R. E. Bellas, S. L. Schauer, and M. Arsura, Inhibition of NFkappaB/Rel induces apoptosis of murine B cells, Embo J, vol.15, pp.4682-4690, 1996.

F. Mercurio, H. Zhu, B. W. Murray, A. Shevchenko, and B. L. Bennett, IKK-1 and IKK-2: cytokine-activated IkappaB kinases essential for NF-kappaB activation, Science, vol.278, pp.860-866, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.278.5339.860

V. J. Palombella, O. J. Rando, A. L. Goldberg, and T. Maniatis, The ubiquitinproteasome pathway is required for processing the NF-kappa B1 precursor protein and the activation of NF-kappa B, Cell, vol.78, pp.773-785, 1994.

R. A. Black, C. T. Rauch, C. J. Kozlosky, J. J. Peschon, and J. L. Slack, A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-alpha from cells, Nature, vol.385, pp.729-733, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/385729a0

M. L. Moss, S. L. Jin, J. D. Becherer, D. M. Bickett, and W. Burkhart, Structural features and biochemical properties of TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), J Neuroimmunol, vol.72, pp.127-129, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00180-4

C. Gallois, A. Habib, J. Tao, S. Moulin, and J. Maclouf, Role of NF-kappaB in the antiproliferative effect of endothelin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human hepatic stellate cells. Involvement of cyclooxygenase-2, J Biol Chem, vol.273, pp.23183-23190, 1998.

S. E. Johnson, C. M. Dorman, and S. A. Bolanowski, Inhibition of myogenin expression by activated Raf is not responsible for the block to avian myogenesis, J Biol Chem, vol.277, pp.28742-28748, 2002.

B. L. Bennett, D. T. Sasaki, B. W. Murray, E. C. O'leary, and S. T. Sakata, SP600125, an anthrapyrazolone inhibitor of Jun N-terminal kinase, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.98, pp.13681-13686, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.251194298
URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/98/24/13681.full.pdf

G. Tang, Y. Minemoto, B. Dibling, N. H. Purcell, and Z. Li, Inhibition of JNK activation through NF-kappaB target genes, Nature, vol.414, pp.313-317, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35104568

E. De-smaele, F. Zazzeroni, S. Papa, D. U. Nguyen, and R. Jin, Induction of gadd45beta by NF-kappaB downregulates pro-apoptotic JNK signalling, Nature, vol.414, pp.308-313, 2001.

C. B. Coyne, M. K. Vanhook, T. M. Gambling, J. L. Carson, and R. C. Boucher, Regulation of airway tight junctions by proinflammatory cytokines, Mol Biol Cell, vol.13, pp.3218-3234, 2002.

H. Schmitz, M. Fromm, C. J. Bentzel, P. Scholz, and K. Detjen, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) regulates the epithelial barrier in the human intestinal cell line HT-29/B6, J Cell Sci, vol.112, pp.137-146, 1999.

A. H. Gitter, K. Bendfeldt, J. D. Schulzke, and M. Fromm, Leaks in the epithelial barrier caused by spontaneous and TNF-alpha-induced single-cell apoptosis, Faseb J, vol.14, pp.1749-1753, 2000.

P. S. Mattila and P. Carlson, Pharyngolaryngitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Scand J Infect Dis, vol.30, pp.198-200, 1998.

L. C. Hsu, J. M. Park, K. Zhang, J. L. Luo, and S. Maeda, The protein kinase PKR is required for macrophage apoptosis after activation of Toll-like receptor 4, Nature, vol.428, pp.341-345, 2004.

Y. Zhang and J. B. Bliska, Role of Toll-like receptor signaling in the apoptotic response of macrophages to Yersinia infection, Infect Immun, vol.71, pp.1513-1519, 2003.

S. N. Vogel and M. Fenton, Toll-like receptor 4 signalling: new perspectives on a complex signal-transduction problem, Biochem Soc Trans, vol.31, pp.664-668, 2003.

K. Takeda and S. Akira, TLR signaling pathways, Semin Immunol, vol.16, pp.3-9, 2004.

K. A. Fitzgerald, D. C. Rowe, B. J. Barnes, D. R. Caffrey, and A. Visintin, LPS-TLR4 signaling to IRF-3/7 and NF-kappaB involves the toll adapters TRAM and TRIF, J Exp Med, vol.198, pp.1043-1055, 2003.

K. B. Choi, F. Wong, J. M. Harlan, P. M. Chaudhary, and L. Hood, Lipopolysaccharide mediates endothelial apoptosis by a FADD-dependent pathway, J Biol Chem, vol.273, pp.20185-20188, 1998.

K. Ruckdeschel, O. Mannel, and P. Schrottner, Divergence of apoptosisinducing and preventing signals in bacteria-faced macrophages through myeloid differentiation factor 88 and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase members, J Immunol, vol.168, pp.4601-4611, 2002.

D. J. Klumpp, A. C. Weiser, S. Sengupta, S. G. Forrestal, and R. A. Batler, Uropathogenic Escherichia coli potentiates type 1 pilus-induced apoptosis by suppressing NF-kappaB, Infect Immun, vol.69, pp.6689-6695, 2001.

D. M. Monack, J. Mecsas, D. Bouley, and S. Falkow, Yersinia-induced apoptosis in vivo aids in the establishment of a systemic infection of mice, J Exp Med, vol.188, pp.2127-2137, 1998.

T. E. Singleton, P. Massari, and L. M. Wetzler, Neisserial porin-induced dendritic cell activation is MyD88 and TLR2 dependent, J Immunol, vol.174, pp.3545-3550, 2005.

Y. Takamune, T. Ikebe, O. Nagano, and M. Shinohara, Involvement of NFkappaB-mediated maturation of ADAM-17 in the invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol.365, pp.393-398, 2008.

O. Sokolova, N. Heppel, R. Jagerhuber, K. S. Kim, and M. Frosch, Interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: role of MAP-and tyrosine kinases in invasion and inflammatory cytokine release, Cell Microbiol, vol.6, pp.1153-1166, 2004.

G. L. Johnson and R. Lapadat, Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediated by ERK, JNK, and p38 protein kinases, Science, vol.298, pp.1911-1912, 2002.

M. Szatanik, E. Hong, C. Ruckly, M. Ledroit, and D. Giorgini, Experimental meningococcal sepsis in congenic transgenic mice expressing human transferrin, PLoS ONE, vol.6, p.22210, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02084270

J. Guinea-viniegra, R. Zenz, H. Scheuch, D. Hnisz, and M. Holcmann, TNFalpha shedding and epidermal inflammation are controlled by Jun proteins, Genes Dev, vol.23, pp.2663-2674, 2009.

W. A. Derbigny, S. C. Hong, M. S. Kerr, M. Temkit, and R. M. Johnson, Chlamydia muridarum infection elicits a beta interferon response in murine oviduct epithelial cells dependent on interferon regulatory factor 3 and TRIF, Infect Immun, vol.75, pp.1280-1290, 2007.

D. Hanahan, Studies on transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids, J Mol Biol, vol.166, pp.557-580, 1983.

D. S. Kellogg, W. L. Peacock, J. Deacon, W. E. Brown, L. Pirkle et al., Neisseria Gonorrhoeae. I. Virulence Genetically Linked to Clonal Variation, J Bacteriol, vol.85, pp.1274-1279, 1963.

A. E. Deghmane, D. Giorgini, M. Larribe, J. M. Alonso, and M. K. Taha, Downregulation of pili and capsule of Neisseria meningitidis upon contact with epithelial cells is mediated by CrgA regulatory protein, Mol Microbiol, vol.43, pp.1555-1564, 2002.

M. K. Taha, P. C. Morand, Y. Pereira, E. E. Giorgini, and D. , Pilusmediated adhesion of Neisseria meningitidis: the essential role of cell contactdependent transcriptional upregulation of the PilC1 protein, Mol Microbiol, vol.28, pp.1153-1163, 1998.

G. A. Jarvis, J. Li, and K. V. Swanson, Invasion of human mucosal epithelial cells by Neisseria gonorrhoeae upregulates expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), Infect Immun, vol.67, pp.1149-1156, 1999.

D. J. Philpott, D. Belaid, P. Troubadour, J. M. Thiberge, and J. Tankovic, Reduced activation of inflammatory responses in host cells by mouse-adapted Helicobacter pylory isolates, Cell Microbiol, vol.4, pp.285-296, 2002.

R. Schmidt-ullrich, S. Memet, A. Lilienbaum, J. Feuillard, and M. Raphael, NF-kappaB activity in transgenic mice: developmental regulation and tissue specificity, Development, vol.122, pp.2117-2128, 1996.

A. E. Deghmane, S. Petit, A. Topilko, Y. Pereira, and D. Giorgini, Intimate adhesion of Neisseria meningitidis to human epithelial cells is under the control of the crgA gene, a novel LysR-type transcriptional regulator, Embo J, vol.19, pp.1068-1078, 2000.