J. M. Duplantier, J. B. Duchemin, S. Chanteau, and E. Carniel, From the recent lessons of the Malagasy foci towards a global understanding of the factors involved in plague reemergence, Vet. Res, vol.36, pp.437-453, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00902976

, Wkly Epidemiol Rec, vol.79, pp.301-306, 2002.

. Anonymous, Select agents and toxins list

, Federal Select Agent Program, 2014.

T. V. Inglesby, D. T. Dennis, D. A. Henderson, J. G. Bartlett, M. S. Ascher et al., Plague as a biological weapon -Medical and public health management, J. Am. Med. Assoc, vol.283, pp.2281-2290, 2000.

R. E. Hoffman and J. E. Norton, Lessons learned from a full-scale bioterrorism exercise, Emerg Infect Dis, vol.6, pp.652-653, 2000.

A. Guiyoule, G. Gerbaud, C. Buchrieser, M. Galimand, L. Rahalison et al., Transferable plasmid-mediated resistance to streptomycin in a clinical isolate of Yersinia pestis, Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.7, pp.43-48, 2001.

M. Galimand, A. Guiyoule, G. Gerbaud, B. Rasoamanana, S. Chanteau et al., Multidrug resistance in Yersinia pestis mediated by a transferable plasmid, N Engl J Med, vol.337, pp.677-680, 1997.

T. J. Welch, W. F. Fricke, P. F. Mcdermott, D. G. White, M. L. Rosso et al., Multiple antimicrobial resistance in plague: an emerging public health risk, PLoS ONE, vol.2, p.309, 2007.

K. F. Meyer, D. C. Cavanaugh, P. J. Bartelloni, J. D. Marshall, and J. , Plague immunization. I. Past and present trends, J Infect Dis, vol.129, pp.13-18, 1974.

A. P. Anisimov, L. E. Lindler, and G. B. Pier, Intraspecific diversity of Yersinia pestis, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.17, pp.434-464, 2004.

J. Parkhill, B. W. Wren, N. R. Thomson, R. W. Titball, M. T. Holden et al.,

M. Prentice, K. D. Sebaihia, C. James, K. L. Churcher, S. Mungall et al.,

P. Davies, G. Davis, T. Dougan, N. Feltwell, S. Hamlin et al., Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, Nature, pp.523-527, 2001.

D. Zhou, Y. Han, E. Dai, Y. Song, D. Pei et al., Defining the genome content of live plague vaccines by use of whole-genome DNA microarray, Vaccine, vol.22, pp.3367-3374, 2004.

V. A. Feodorova, L. V. Sayapina, M. J. Corbel, and V. L. Motin, Russian vaccines against especially dangerous bacterial pathogens, Emerg Microbes Infect, vol.3, p.86, 2014.

P. C. Oyston, E. D. Williamson, S. E. Leary, S. M. Eley, K. F. Griffin et al.,

. Titball, Immunization with live recombinant Salmonella typhimurium aroA producing F1 antigen protects against plague, Infect. Immun, vol.63, pp.563-568, 1995.

M. J. Chiuchiolo, J. L. Boyer, A. Krause, S. Senina, N. R. Hackett et al., Protective immunity against respiratory tract challenge with Yersinia pestis in mice immunized with an adenovirus-based vaccine vector expressing V antigen, J. Infect. Dis, vol.194, pp.1249-1257, 2006.

J. E. Osorio, T. D. Powell, R. S. Frank, K. Moss, E. J. Haanes et al., Recombinant raccoon pox vaccine protects mice against lethal plague, Vaccine, vol.21, pp.1232-1238, 2003.

D. G. Heath, G. W. Anderson, J. M. Mauro, S. L. Welkos, G. P. Andrews et al., Protection Against Experimental Bubonic and Pneumonic Plague By a Recombinant Capsular F1-V Antigen Fusion Protein Vaccine, Vaccine, vol.16, pp.1131-1137, 1998.

T. Une and R. R. Brubaker, Roles of V antigen in promoting virulence and immunity in Yersiniae, J. Immunol, vol.133, pp.2226-2230, 1984.

S. E. Leary, E. D. Williamson, K. F. Griffin, P. Russell, S. M. Eley et al., Active immunization with recombinant V antigen from Yersinia pestis protects mice against plague, Infect. Immun, vol.63, pp.2854-2858, 1995.

H. S. Garmory, D. Freeman, K. A. Brown, and R. W. Titball, Protection against plague afforded by immunisation with DNA vaccines optimised for expression of the Yersinia pestis V antigen, Vaccine, vol.22, pp.947-957, 2004.

S. S. Bubeck and P. H. Dube, Yersinia pestis CO92 Delta yopH is a potent live, attenuated plague vaccine, Clin. Vaccine Immunol, vol.14, pp.1235-1238, 2007.

Y. Flashner, E. Mamroud, A. Tidhar, R. Ber, M. Aftalion et al., Generation of Yersinia pestis attenuated strains by signature-tagged mutagenesis in search of novel vaccine candidates, Infect. Immun, vol.72, pp.908-915, 2004.

S. W. Montminy, N. Khan, S. Mcgrath, M. J. Walkowicz, F. Sharp et al., Virulence factors of Yersinia pestis are overcome by a strong lipopolysaccharide response, Nature Immunol, 2006.

E. D. Williamson, S. M. Eley, K. F. Griffin, M. Green, P. Russell et al., A new improved sub-unit vaccine for plague: The basis of protection, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol, vol.12, pp.223-230, 1995.

S. T. Smiley, Current challenges in the development of vaccines for pneumonic plague, Expert Rev. Vaccines, vol.7, pp.209-221, 2008.

C. A. Cornelius, L. E. Quenee, D. Elli, N. A. Ciletti, and O. Schneewind, Yersinia pestis IS1541 transposition provides for escape from plague immunity, Infect. Immun, vol.77, pp.1807-1816, 2009.

M. I. Metzer, The economics of Planning and Preparing for Bioterrorism

, Bioterrorism and Infectious agents. A new dilemma for the 21st century, pp.237-257, 2005.

C. C. Winter, W. B. Cherry, and M. D. Moody, An Unusual Strain of Pasteurella pestis Isolated from a Fatal Human Case of Plague, Bull Org Mond Santé Bull Wld Hlth Org, vol.23, pp.408-409, 1960.

P. S. Chain, E. Carniel, F. W. Larimer, J. Lamerdin, P. O. Stoutland et al., Insights into the evolution of Yersinia pestis through whole-genome comparison with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.101, pp.13826-13831, 2004.

Y. Cui, X. Yang, X. Xiao, A. P. Anisimov, D. Li et al., Genetic variations of live attenuated plague vaccine strains (Yersinia pestis EV76 lineage) during laboratory passages in different countries, Infect Genet Evol, vol.26, pp.172-179, 2014.

M. Achtman, K. Zurth, C. Morelli, G. Torrea, A. Guiyoule et al., Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.96, pp.14043-14048, 1999.

W. Who, UNFPA joint statement on the use of auto-disable syringes in immunization services, 2003.

T. Blisnick, P. Ave, M. Huerre, E. Carniel, and C. E. Demeure, Oral vaccination against bubonic plague using a live avirulent Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strain, Infect Immun, vol.76, pp.3808-3816, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02075711

A. Derbise, A. Cerdà-marín, P. Ave, T. Blisnick, M. Huerre et al.,

. Demeure, An encapsulated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a highly efficient vaccine against pneumonic plague, PLoS NTD, vol.6, p.1528, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01104077

E. Carniel, The Yersinia high-pathogenicity island: an iron-uptake island, Microbiol. Infect, vol.3, pp.561-569, 2001.

G. Girard, L'immunité dans l'infection pesteuse. Acquisitions apportées par 30 années de travaux sur la souche de "Pasteurella pestis EV" (Girard et Robic), Biol. Méd, vol.52, pp.631-731, 1963.

A. Derbise, B. Lesic, D. Dacheux, J. M. Ghigo, and E. Carniel, A rapid and simple method for inactivating chromosomal genes in Yersinia, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol, vol.38, pp.113-116, 2003.

R. S. Dewoody, P. M. Merritt, and M. M. Marketon, Regulation of the Yersinia type III secretion system: traffic control, Front Cell Infect Microbiol, vol.3, p.4, 2013.

K. N. Peters, M. O. Dhariwala, J. M. Hughes-hanks, C. R. Brown, and D. M. Anderson, Early apoptosis of macrophages modulated by injection of Yersinia pestis YopK promotes progression of primary pneumonic plague, PLoS Pathog, vol.9, p.1003324, 2013.

I. E. Brodsky, N. W. Palm, S. Sadanand, M. B. Ryndak, F. S. Sutterwala et al.,

J. B. Flavell, R. Bliska, and . Medzhitov, A Yersinia Effector Protein Promotes Virulence by Preventing Inflammasome Recognition of the Type III Secretion System, Cell Host Microbe, vol.7, pp.376-387, 2010.

F. Z. Liu, H. Q. Chen, E. M. Galvan, M. A. Lasaro, and D. M. Schifferli, Effects of Psa and F1 on the adhesive and invasive interactions of Yersinia pestis with human respiratory tract epithelial cells, Infect. Immun, vol.74, pp.5636-5644, 2006.

L. E. Lindler, M. S. Klempner, and S. C. Straley, Yersinia pestis pH-6 AntigenGenetic, Biochemical, and Virulence Characterization of a Protein Involved in the Pathogenesis of Bubonic Plague, Infect. Immun, vol.58, pp.2569-2577, 1990.

J. S. Cathelyn, S. D. Crosby, W. W. Lathem, W. E. Goldman, and V. L. Miller, RovA, a global regulator of Yersinia pestis, specifically required for bubonic plague, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, issue.103, pp.13514-13519, 2006.

A. P. Anisimov, I. V. Bakhteeva, E. A. Panfertsev, T. E. Svetoch, T. B. Kravchenko et al.,

S. V. Amoako and . Dentovskaya, The subcutaneous inoculation of pH 6 antigen mutants of Yersinia pestis does not affect virulence and immune response in mice, J. Med. Microbiol, vol.58, pp.26-36, 2009.

K. W. Carr, D. G. Heath, and A. M. Friedlander, Antiphagocytic effect of F1 capsular protein of Yersinia pestis, Abstracts of the General Meeting of the, vol.97, p.96, 1997.

A. M. Friedlander, S. L. Welkos, P. L. Worsham, G. P. Andrews, D. G. Heath et al.,

M. L. Anderson, J. Pitt, K. Estep, and . Davis, Relationship between virulence and immunity as revealed in recent studies of the F1 capsule of Yersinia pestis, Clin. Infect. Dis, vol.21, pp.178-181, 1995.

K. J. Davis, D. L. Fritz, M. L. Pitt, S. L. Welkos, P. L. Worsham et al., Pathology of experimental pneumonic plague produced by fraction 1-positive and fraction 1-negative Yersinia pestis in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med, vol.120, pp.156-163, 1996.

L. E. Quenee, C. A. Cornelius, N. A. Ciletti, D. Elli, and O. Schneewind, Yersinia pestis caf1 variants and the limits of plague vaccine protection, Infect. Immun, vol.76, pp.2025-2036, 2008.

E. H. Weening, J. S. Cathelyn, G. Kaufman, M. B. Lawrenz, P. Price et al., The Dependence of the Yersinia pestis Capsule on Pathogenesis Is Influenced by the Mouse Background, Infect. Immun, vol.79, pp.644-652, 2011.

W. J. Simpson, R. E. Thomas, and T. G. Schwan, Recombinant Capsular Antigen (Fraction-1) from Yersinia pestis Induces a Protective Antibody Response in BALB/c Mice, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.43, pp.389-396, 1990.

J. Hill, C. Copse, S. Leary, A. J. Stagg, E. D. Williamson et al., Synergistic protection of mice against plague with monoclonal antibodies specific for the F1 and V antigens of Yersinia pestis, Infect. Immun, vol.71, pp.2234-2238, 2003.

K. H. Choi, J. B. Gaynor, K. G. White, C. Lopez, C. M. Bosio et al., A Tn7-based broad-range bacterial cloning and expression system, Nat Methods, vol.2, pp.443-448, 2005.

A. Derbise, Y. Hanada, M. Khalife, E. Carniel, and C. E. Demeure, Complete Protection against Pneumonic and Bubonic Plague after a Single Oral Vaccination, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.9, p.4162, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02067827

F. D. Finkelman, J. Holmes, I. M. Katona, J. F. Urban, M. P. Beckmann et al., Lymphokine control of in vivo immunoglobulin isotype selection, Annu Rev Immunol, vol.8, pp.303-333, 1990.

J. W. Mannhalter, H. O. Neychev, G. J. Zlabinger, R. Ahmad, and M. M. Eibl, Modulation of the human immune response by the non-toxic and non-pyrogenic adjuvant aluminium hydroxide: effect on antigen uptake and antigen presentation, Clin Exp Immunol, pp.143-151, 1985.

G. Dinc, J. M. Pennington, E. S. Yolcu, M. B. Lawrenz, and H. Shirwan, Improving the Th1 cellular efficacy of the lead Yersinia pestis rF1-V subunit vaccine using SA-4-1BBL as a novel adjuvant, Vaccine, vol.32, pp.5035-5040, 2014.

S. J. Elvin and E. D. Williamson, Stat 4 but not Stat 6 mediated immune mechanisms are essential in protection against plague, Microb. Pathogen, vol.37, pp.177-184, 2004.

Y. Levy, Y. Flashner, A. Tidhar, A. Zauberman, M. Aftalion et al., T cells play an essential role in anti-F1 mediated rapid protection against bubonic plague, Vaccine, vol.29, pp.6866-6873, 2011.

M. A. Parent, L. B. Wilhelm, L. W. Kummer, F. M. Szaba, I. K. Mullarky et al., Gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and nitric oxide synthase 2, key elements of cellular immunity, perform critical protective functions during humoral defense against lethal pulmonary Yersinia pestis infection, Infect. Immun, vol.74, pp.3381-3386, 2006.

S. M. Soudja, A. L. Ruiz, J. C. Marie, and G. Lauvau, Inflammatory monocytes activate memory CD8(+) T and innate NK lymphocytes independent of cognate antigen during microbial pathogen invasion, Immunity, pp.549-562, 2012.

J. S. Lin, L. W. Kummer, F. M. Szaba, and S. T. Smiley, IL-17 contributes to cellmediated defense against pulmonary Yersinia pestis infection, J Immunol, vol.186, pp.1675-1684, 2011.

D. R. Littman and A. Y. Rudensky, Th17 and regulatory T cells in mediating and restraining inflammation, pp.845-858, 2010.

M. J. Mcgeachy, K. S. Bak-jensen, Y. Chen, C. M. Tato, W. Blumenschein et al.,

D. J. Mcclanahan and . Cua, TGF-beta and IL-6 drive the production of IL-17 and IL-10 by T cells and restrain T(H)-17 cell-mediated pathology, Nat Immunol, vol.8, pp.1390-1397, 2007.

A. Sodhi, R. K. Sharma, H. V. Batra, and U. Tuteja, Recombinant fraction 1 protein of Yersinia pestis activates murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro, Cell. Immunol, vol.229, pp.52-61, 2004.

S. D. Knight, Structure and assembly of Yersinia pestis F1 antigen, Genus Yersinia: from Genomics to Function, vol.603, pp.74-87, 2007.

S. Mcintyre, S. D. Knight, and F. L. , Structure, assembly and applications of the polymeric F1 antigen of Yersinia pestis

M. Yersinia and C. Biology, , pp.363-407, 2004.

T. Mangold and J. Goldberg, Plague wars. The Terrifying Reality of Biological Warfare, 2001.

G. W. Anderson, P. L. Worsham, C. R. Bolt, G. P. Andrews, S. L. Welkos et al., Protection of mice from fatal bubonic and pneumonic plague by passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies against the F1 protein of Yersinia pestis, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.56, pp.471-473, 1997.