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, Acknowledgments: Samples were collected through the UCLA Systems Biology Sample Repository funded by NIH grants R01RR016300 and R01OD010980 to N.F. For permits allowing us to collect samples, we thank the Gambia Department of Parks & Wildlife Management

, Botswana Ministry of Environment & Wildlife and Tourism; Ghana Wildlife Division, Forestry Commission

, Zambia Wildlife Authority

, Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority; Ministry of Forestry & the Environment

, Free State Province; the Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife in KwaZulu Natal Province; and the Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism, Limpopo Province. We also thank Dr. Gene Redmond and St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, and Dr. Martin Antonio and Medical Research Council (MRC) The Gambia Unit for facilitating sample collection in St. Kitts and Nevis and the Gambia

J. Brenchley and K. Reimann, R24OD010976) and Jean Baulu and the Barbados Primate Research Center and Wildlife Reserve for providing samples from Tanzania origin and Barbados vervets. For help with sample collection we thank Drs

H. , We would like to thank Ms. Fuying Gao for assistance with microarray data analysis. All genomic data for the sequenced vervet subspecies in this study are available through the NCBI SRA public repositories under NCBI, has been supported by a travel grant of the Austrian Ministry of Science and Research