The ENIGMA Consortium : large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data

Paul M. Thompson (1, 2) , Jason L. Stein (3) , Sarah Medland (4) , Derrek D Hibar (2) , Alejandro Arias Vasquez (5) , Miguel E. Renteria (4) , Roberto Toro (6) , Neda Jahanshad (2) , Gunter Schumann (7) , Barbara Franke (5) , Margaret J. Wright (4) , Nicholas G. Martin (4) , Ingrid Agartz (8, 9, 10) , Martin Alda (11) , Saud Alhusaini (12, 13) , Laura Almasy (14) , Jorge Almeida (11, 15) , Kathryn Alpert (16) , Nancy C. Andreasen (17) , Ole A. Andreassen (18, 19) , Liana G. Apostolova (3) , Katja Appel (20, 21) , Nicola J. Armstrong (22) , Benjamin Aribisala (23, 24) , Mark E. Bastin (23, 24) , Michael Bauer (25) , Carrie E. Bearden (26) , Ørjan Bergmann (27) , Elisabeth B. Binder (28) , John Blangero (14) , Henry J. Bockholt (17) , Erlend Bøen (27, 18) , Catherine Bois (29, 23) , Dorret I. Boomsma (30, 31) , Tom Booth (32) , Ian J. Bowman (33) , Janita Bralten (34, 5) , Rachel M. Brouwer (35, 36) , Han G. Brunner (5, 37) , David G. Brohawn (38, 39) , Randy L. Buckner (40, 41) , Jan Buitelaar (42, 34) , Kazima M Bulayeva (43, 44) , Juan R. Bustillo (45) , Vince D. Calhoun (46, 47) , Dara M. Cannon (48) , Rita M. Cantor (49, 50) , Melanie A. Carless (14) , Xavier Caseras (51) , Gianpiero L. Cavalleri (12) , M. Mallar Chakravarty (52, 53) , Kiki D. Chang (54) , Christopher R. K. Ching (33) , Andrea Christoforou (19, 55) , Sven Cichon (56, 57, 58) , Vincent P. Clark (45) , Patricia Conrod (7, 59) , Giovanni Coppola (26, 3) , Benedicto Crespo-Facorro (60, 61) , Joanne E Curran (14) , Michael Czisch (28) , Ian J. Deary (62) , Eco J. C. de Geus (30, 31) , Anouk den Braber (30) , Giuseppe Delvecchio (7) , Chantal Depondt (63) , Lieuwe de Haan (31) , Greig I. de Zubicaray (64) , Danai Dima (7) , Rali Dimitrova (29, 23) , Srdjan Djurovic (8, 19, 18) , Hongwei Dong (33) , Gary Donohoe (48, 65) , Ravindranath Duggirala (14) , Thomas D. Dyer (14) , Stefan Ehrlich (66, 67) , Carl Johan Ekman (9, 10) , Torbjørn Elvsåshagen (27, 18) , Louise Emsell (48) , Susanne Erk (68) , Thomas Espeseth (19) , Jesen Fagerness (66) , Scott Fears (26) , Iryna Fedko (30) , Guillén Fernández (34, 5) , Simon E. Fisher (34, 69) , Tatiana Foroud (70) , Peter T. Fox (71, 72) , Clyde Francks (69, 34) , Sophia D Frangou (73) , Eva Maria Frey (74) , Thomas Frodl (74, 65) , Vincent Frouin (75) , Hugh Garavan (76) , Sudheer Giddaluru (77, 55) , David C. Glahn (78, 79) , Beata Godlewska (80) , Rita Z. Goldstein (81) , Randy L. Gollub (82, 66) , Hans J. Grabe (20, 83, 84, 21) , Oliver Grimm (85) , Oliver Gruber (86) , Tulio Guadalupe (87, 69) , Raquel E. Gur (88) , Ruben C. Gur (88) , Harald H. H. Göring (14) , Saskia Hagenaars (29, 23) , Tomas Hajek (11) , Geoffrey B. Hall (89) , Jérémy Hall (23, 29) , John Hardy (90) , Catharina A. Hartman (91) , Johanna Hass (67) , Sean N. Hatton (92) , Unn K. Haukvik (93, 19) , Katrin Hegenscheid (20, 21) , Andreas Heinz (68) , Ian B. Hickie (92) , Beng-Choon Ho (17) , David Hoehn (28) , Pieter J. Hoekstra (91) , Marisa Hollinshead (39, 41) , Avram J. Holmes (39, 41) , Georg Homuth (20, 21) , Martine Hoogman (5) , L. Elliot Hong (94) , Norbert Hosten (20, 21) , Jouke-Jan Hottenga (30) , Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol (35) , Kristy S. Hwang (95, 96) , Clifford R. Jack Jr (97) , Mark Jenkinson (98) , Caroline Johnston (7, 99) , Erik G. Jönsson (9, 10) , René S. Kahn (35, 36) , Dalia Kasperaviciute (90) , Sinead Kelly (100, 65) , Sungeun Kim (101) , Peter M. Kochunov (102) , Laura Koenders (31, 30) , Bernd Krämer (86) , John B. J. Kwok (103, 104) , Jim Lagopoulos (92) , Gonzalo Laje (105) , Mikael Landén (106, 107) , Bennett A. Landman (108) , John Lauriello (109) , Stephen M. Lawrie (29, 23) , Phil H. Lee (110, 39) , Stephanie Le Hellard (19, 55) , Hervé Lemaître (111, 112, 113, 114) , Cassandra D. Leonardo (33) , Chiang-Shan Li (115) , Benny Liberg (107) , David C. Liewald (62) , Xinmin Liu (116, 117) , Lorna M. Lopez (23) , Eva Loth (7) , Anbarasu Lourdusamy (118) , Michelle Luciano (23) , Fabio Macciardi (119, 120) , Marise W. J. Machielsen (31) , Glenda M. MacQueen (121, 122) , Ulrik F. Malt (18, 123) , René Mandl (35) , Dara S. Manoach (39) , Jean-Luc Martinot (124, 114, 112, 111) , Mar Matarin (90) , Karen Mather (125) , Manuel Mattheisen (126, 56, 127) , Morten Mattingsdal (19, 128) , Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg (129) , Colm McDonald (48) , Andrew McIntosh (23, 29) , Francis J. McMahon (116) , Katie L. McMahon (130, 131) , Eva Meisenzahl (132) , Ingrid Melle (19, 27) , Yuri Milaneschi (133, 31, 30) , Sebastian Mohnke (68) , Grant W. Montgomery (134) , Derek W. Morris (65) , Eric K. Moses (135, 14) , Bryon A. Mueller (136) , Susana Muñoz Maniega (23, 24) , Thomas W. Mühleisen (56, 57) , Bertram Müller-Myhsok (28, 137) , Benson Mwangi (138) , Matthias Nauck (20, 21) , Kwangsik Nho (139) , Thomas E. Nichols (140) , Lars-Göran Nilsson (141, 142) , Allison C. Nugent (116) , Lars Nyberg (143, 144) , Rene L. Olvera (145) , Jaap Oosterlaan (146, 30) , Roel A. Ophoff (147, 50, 35, 36) , Massimo Pandolfo (63) , Melina Papalampropoulou-Tsiridou (29, 23) , Martina Papmeyer (23, 29) , Tomas Paus (148, 149) , Zdenka Pausova (150) , Godfrey D. Pearlson (20, 115, 21) , Brenda W. Penninx (31, 30) , Charles P. Peterson (14) , Andrea Pfennig (25) , Mary Phillips (151, 152) , G. Bruce Pike (148, 122) , Jean-Baptiste Poline (153, 154) , Steven G. Potkin (155) , Benno Pütz (28) , Adaikalavan Ramasamy (156, 157, 158, 90) , Jerod Rasmussen (155) , Marcella Rietschel (129, 85) , Mark Rijpkema (34) , Shannon L. Risacher (101, 159) , Joshua L. Roffman (40) , Roberto Roiz-Santiañez (60, 61, 160) , Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth (68) , Emma J. Rose (161) , Natalie A. Royle (162, 24, 23) , Dan Rujescu (163) , Mina Ryten (164, 90, 165) , Perminder Sachdev (166, 103) , Alireza Salami (143, 144, 167) , Theodore D. Satterthwaite (88) , Jonathan Savitz (88, 168, 169) , Andrew J. Saykin (68) , Cathy Scanlon (48) , Lianne Schmaal (30) , Hugo G. Schnack (36) , Andrew J. Schork (170, 171) , S. Charles Schulz (172) , Remmelt Schür (36) , Larry Seidman (173, 174) , Li Shen (101) , Jody M. Shoemaker (46) , Andrew Simmons (7, 175, 176) , Sanjay Sisodiya (177) , Colin Smith (178, 23) , Jordan W. Smoller (179, 40, 110) , Jair C. Soares (138) , Scott R. Sponheim (180, 172) , Emma Sprooten (78) , John M. Starr (62, 23, 181) , Vidar M. Steen (55, 19) , Stephen Strakowski (182, 183) , Lachlan Strike (134) , Jessika Sussmann (29, 23) , Philipp G. Sämann (28) , Alexander Teumer (21) , Arthur W. Toga (1, 33) , Diana Tordesillas-Gutierrez (184, 61, 160, 60) , Daniah Trabzuni (158, 90, 185) , Sarah Trost (86) , Jessica Turner (186, 46) , Martijn D. van den Heuvel (36) , Nic J. van Der Wee (187, 188) , Kristel van Eijk (35, 36) , Theo G. M. van Erp (155) , Neeltje E. M. van Haren (36) , Dennis van’t Ent (189) , Marie-Jose van Tol (91) , Maria C. Valdés Hernández (23) , Dick J. Veltman (30) , Amelia Versace (152) , Henry Völzke (190, 20) , Robert Walker (191) , Henrik Walter (68, 192) , Lei Wang (16) , Joanna Wardlaw (23, 162) , Michael E. Weale (165) , Michael W. Weiner (193) , Wei Wen (125) , Lars T. Westlye (194, 19) , Heather C. Whalley (29, 195) , Christopher D. Whelan (12) , Tonya White (196) , Anderson M. Winkler (98, 115) , Katharina Wittfeld (83) , Girma Woldehawariat (116) , Christiane Wolf (28) , David Zilles (86) , Marcel P. Zwiers (34) , Anbupalam Thalamuthu (125) , Peter R. Schofield (104, 103) , Nelson B. Freimer (197, 50) , Natalia S. Lawrence (198) , Wayne Drevets (199)

1 LONI - Laboratory of Neuro Imaging [Los Angeles]
2 Keck School of Medicine [Los Angeles]
3 David Geffen School of Medicine [Los Angeles]
4 QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
5 Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen]
6 Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives
7 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London
8 UiO - University of Oslo
9 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Division, Karolinska Institutet
10 Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm]
11 Dalhousie University [Halifax]
12 RCSI - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
13 McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]
14 Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, TX]
15 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
16 Northwestern University [Chicago, Ill. USA]
17 University of Iowa [Iowa City]
18 Oslo University Hospital [Oslo]
19 NORMENT - Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research [Oslo]
20 Universität Greifswald - University of Greifswald
21 Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics
22 School of Mathematics and Statistics
23 University of Edinburgh
24 Brain Research Imaging Centre, Imaging Sciences
25 University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus [Dresden, Germany]
26 Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior [Los Angeles, Ca]
27 Institute of Clinical Medicine [Oslo]
28 Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry
29 Royal Hospital for Sick Children [Edinburgh]
30 VU University Medical Center [Amsterdam]
31 Department of General Practice/EMGO Institute
32 CCACE - Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology
33 Keck School of Medicine [Los Angeles]
34 Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour
35 University Medical Center [Utrecht]
36 Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus [Utrecht]
37 Department of Human Genetics [Nijmegen]
38 Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit
39 Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston]
40 Department of Psychiatry [Boston]
41 Harvard University [Cambridge]
42 Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre [Nijmegen]
43 N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia
44 RAS - Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow]
45 The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque]
46 The Mind Research Network
47 ECE Department - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering [Albuquerque]
48 NUI Galway - National University of Ireland [Galway]
49 Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics
50 UCLA - University of California [Los Angeles]
51 Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences
52 CAMH - Centre for Addiction and Mental Health [Toronto]
53 IBBME - Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering [Toronto, ON, Canada]
54 Stanford School of Medicine [Stanford]
55 UiB - University of Bergen
56 University of Bonn
57 Jülich Research Centre
58 Unibas - University of Basel
59 Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine / Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital [Montreal, Canada]
60 CIBER-SAM - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental [Madrid]
61 IFIMAV - Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla-Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla
62 Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology
63 ULB - Hôpital Erasme [Bruxelles]
64 School of Psychology, University of Queensland
65 Trinity College Dublin
66 MGH - Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital
67 TU Dresden - Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology
68 Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin]
69 Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
70 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics
71 UTHealth - The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
72 South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
73 MSSM - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York]
74 University Hospital Regensburg
75 NEUROSPIN - Service NEUROSPIN
76 University of Vermont [Burlington]
77 Haukeland University Hospital
78 Dpt of Psychiatry [New Haven]
79 Hartford Hospital
80 University of Oxford
81 Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry
82 Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging
83 DZNE - German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen
84 HELIOS Klinikum Stralsund Hanseatic
85 University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty
86 Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
87 IMPRS - International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences
88 University of Pennsylvania
89 McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario]
90 UCL, Institute of Neurology [London]
91 UMCG - University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen]
92 Brain and Mind Research Institute
93 Diakonhjemmet Hospital
94 University of Maryland School of Medicine
95 Oakland University
96 University of Rochester School of Medicine
97 Mayo Clinic [Rochester]
98 FMRIB - Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain
99 South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
100 FIMM - Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland [Helsinki]
101 Indiana University School of Medicine
102 University of Maryland [Baltimore]
103 UNSW - University of New South Wales [Sydney]
104 NeuRA - Neuroscience Research Australia
105 UMBC - University of Maryland [Baltimore County]
106 GU - University of Gothenburg
107 Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]
108 Vanderbilt University [Nashville]
109 Mizzou - University of Missouri [Columbia]
110 BROAD INSTITUTE - Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
111 UCP - Université de Cergy Pontoise
112 SHFJ - Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot
113 U1000 - Neuroimagerie en psychiatrie
114 SCLIN - Clinatec - Centre de recherche biomédicale Edmond J.Safra
115 Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine
116 NIH - National Institutes of Health [Bethesda]
117 CUMC - Columbia University Medical Center
118 UON - University of Nottingham, UK
119 UC Irvine - University of California [Irvine]
120 UNIMI - Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan
121 Hotchkiss Brain Institute
122 University of Calgary
123 HiOA - Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences [Oslo]
124 U1000 - Neuroimagerie en psychiatrie
125 Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney
126 Department of Genomics
127 Aarhus University [Aarhus]
128 Sorlandet Hospital HF
129 Medical Faculty [Mannheim]
130 Centre for Advanced Imaging
131 CAI - Centre for Advanced Imaging [Brisbane]
132 LMU - Ludwig Maximilian University [Munich]
133 Translational Gerontology Branch
134 Queensland Institute of Medical Research
135 UWA - The University of Western Australia
136 University of Minnesota [Morris]
137 SyNergy - Munich Cluster for systems neurology [Munich]
138 The University of Texas Medical School at Houston
139 Indiana State University
140 Department of Statistics [Warwick]
141 Stockholm Brain Institute [Stockholm, Sweden]
142 Stockholm University
143 Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
144 Umeå University
145 University of Texas Health Science Center
146 Department of Clinical Neuropsychology
147 Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics
148 MNI - McConnell Brain Imaging Centre
149 RRI - Rotman Research Institute at the Baycrest Centre
150 SickKids - The Hospital for sick children [Toronto]
151 Department of Psychiatry
152 PITT - University of Pittsburgh
153 PARIETAL - Modelling brain structure, function and variability based on high-field MRI data
154 UC Berkeley - University of California [Berkeley]
155 Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior [Irvine]
156 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics
157 Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology
158 Department of Molecular Neuroscience
159 Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center
160 University of Cantabria, Santander
161 RTI International - Research Triangle Institute International
162 Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology
163 MLU - Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg
164 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics
165 King‘s College London
166 Prince of Wales Hospital
167 Karolinska Institute
168 Laureate institute for brain research, Tulsa
169 University of Tulsa
170 CogSci - UC San Diego - Department of Cognitive Sciences [Univ California San Diego]
171 UC San Diego - University of California [San Diego]
172 University of Minnesota Medical School
173 BIDMC - Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center [Boston]
174 HMS - Harvard Medical School [Boston]
175 Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry
176 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre [London]
177 Institute of Neurology [London]
178 Edinburgh Dementia Prevention & Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences
179 Center for Human Genetic Research
180 VA NY Harbor Health Care System
181 Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre
182 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience [UC, Cincinnati]
183 University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
184 Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital [Santander]
185 KFSHRC - King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Resarch Centre [Riyadh, Saudi Arabia]
186 Georgia State University
187 Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition
188 Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)
189 Department of Biological Psychology [Amsterdam]
190 Institute for Community Medicine
191 The Centre for Regenerative Medicine
192 Berlin School of Mind and Brain [Berlin]
193 UC San Francisco - University of California [San Francisco]
194 Department of Psychology [Oslo]
195 School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh
196 Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam
197 Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences
198 University of Exeter
199 Janssen Research & Development

The Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium is a collaborative network of researchers working together on a range of large-scale studies that integrate data from 70 institutions worldwide. Organized into Working Groups that tackle questions in neuroscience, genetics, and medicine, ENIGMA studies have analyzed neuroimaging data from over 12,826 subjects. In addition, data from 12,171 individuals were provided by the CHARGE consortium for replication of findings, in a total of 24,997 subjects. By meta-analyzing results from many sites, ENIGMA has detected factors that affect the brain that no individual site could detect on its own, and that require larger numbers of subjects than any individual neuroimaging study has currently collected. ENIGMA's first project was a genome-wide association study identifying common variants in the genome associated with hippocampal volume or intracranial volume. Continuing work is exploring genetic associations with subcortical volumes (ENIGMA2) and white matter microstructure (ENIGMA-DTI). Working groups also focus on understanding how schizophrenia, bipolar illness, major depression and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affect the brain. We review the current progress of the ENIGMA Consortium, along with challenges and unexpected discoveries made on the way.

Keywords: Genetics; MRI; GWAS; Consortium; Meta-analysis; Multi-site

Domains: Life Sciences [q-bio]; Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]

Paul M. Thompson, Jason L. Stein, Sarah Medland, Derrek D Hibar, Alejandro Arias Vasquez, et al.. The ENIGMA Consortium : large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data. Brain imaging and behavior (Brain Imaging Behav), 2014, 8 (2), pp.152-182. ⟨10.1007/s11682-013-9269-5⟩. ⟨pasteur-01967166⟩