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, Figure 2: Model of bacteriophage-bacteria coevolution and differentiation in the gut

, green and orange) are differentially 395 susceptible to one bacteriophage (yellow) Under bacteriophage predation, sub-populations of 396 resistant bacteria can emerge (lighter colours) These either can become dominant, leading to 397 extinction of other subpopulations, or be maintained in equilibrium. Contextually, 398 bacteriophage sub-populations diverge (represented by different colours) by adapting to 399 changes in the coevolving bacteria or to new hosts (host-jump, black arrows) The 400 consequence (top) is the progressive differentiation of both antagonistic populations, From the bottom, three bacterial populations (blue