J. Bartlett, Clostridium difficile: History of Its Role as an Enteric Pathogen and the Current State of Knowledge About the Organism, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.18, issue.Supplement_4, pp.265-72, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/18.Supplement_4.S265

I. Bengtson, Studies on organisms concerned as causative factors in botulism, Hyg. Lab. Bull. Washington D. C.: U. S. Public Health Service, 1924.

L. Bouillaut, T. Dubois, A. Sonenshein, and B. Dupuy, Integration of metabolism and virulence in Clostridium difficile, Research in Microbiology, vol.166, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.10.002

H. Bruggemann and G. Gottschalk, Comparative Genomics of Clostridia, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.299, issue.1, pp.73-81, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4684-0465-4

H. Brüggemann, E. Brzuszkiewicz, D. Chapeton-montes, L. Plourde, D. Speck et al., Genomics of Clostridium tetani. Res Microbiol, 2015.

A. Carter and M. Peck, Genomes, neurotoxins and biology of Clostridium botulinum Group I and Group II, Research in Microbiology, vol.166, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.10.010

C. Connan and M. Popoff, Two-component systems and toxinogenesis regulation in Clostridium botulinum, Research in Microbiology, vol.166, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.12.012

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01115185

E. Dahlsten, M. Lindstr?-om, and K. Korkeala, Mechanisms of food processing and storage-related stress tolerance in Clostridium botulinum, Research in Microbiology, vol.166, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.09.011

A. Doxey, M. Lynch, K. Muller, E. Meiering, and B. Mcconkey, Insights into the evolutionary origins of clostridial neurotoxins from analysis of the Clostridium botulinum strain A neurotoxin gene cluster, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.8, issue.1, p.316, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2148-8-316

J. Freedman, J. Theoret, . Wisniewski-a, F. Uzal, . Rood et al., Clostridium perfringens type A???E toxin plasmids, Research in Microbiology, vol.166, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.09.004

J. Frey and L. Falquet, Patho-genetics of Clostridium chauvoei, Research in Microbiology, vol.166, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.10.013

K. Hassan, L. Elbourne, T. Sasha, G. Melville, S. Rood et al., Genomic analyses of Clostridium perfringens isolates from five toxinotypes, Research in Microbiology, vol.166, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.10.003

S. Janezik and M. Rupnik, Genomic diversity of Clostridium difficile strains, Research in Microbiology, vol.166, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2015.02.002

A. Kubiak and N. Minton, The potential of clostridial spores as therapeutic deliver vehicles in tumour therapy, Res Microbiol, 2015.

Y. Moran, D. Fredman, P. Szczesny, M. Grynberg, and U. Technau, Recurrent Horizontal Transfer of Bacterial Toxin Genes to Eukaryotes, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.6, issue.7, pp.2223-2253, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0022725

P. Mullany, E. Allan, and A. Roberts, Mobile genetic elements in Clostridium difficile and their role in genome function, Research in Microbiology, vol.166, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.12.005

V. Olguín-araneda, S. Banawas, M. Sarker, and D. Paredes-sabja, Recent advances in germination of Clostridium spores, Research in Microbiology, vol.166, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.07.017

K. Ohtani and T. Shimizu, Regulation of toxin gene expression in Clostridium perfringens, Research in Microbiology, vol.166, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.09.010

M. Popoff and P. Bouvet, Genetic characteristics of toxigenic Clostridia and toxin gene evolution, Toxicon, vol.75, pp.1-27, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01793259

Y. Sakaguchi, T. Suzuki, Y. Yamamoto, A. Nishikawa, and K. Oguma, Genomics of Clostridium botulinum group III strains, Research in Microbiology, vol.166, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.07.016

T. Smith, K. Hill, B. Raphael, P. Talukdar, V. Olguín-araneda et al., Historical and current perspectives on Clostridium botulinum diversity Updates on the sporulation process in Clostridium species, Res Microbiol Res Microbiol, 2015.

C. Vidor, M. Awad, and D. Lyras, Antibiotic resistance, virulence factors and genetics of Clostridium sordellii, Research in Microbiology, vol.166, issue.4, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.09.003

R. Michel, . Popoff-institut, and . Pasteur, Unit e des Bact eries ana erobies et Toxines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France E-mail address: mpopoff@pasteur.fr Available online 2, 2015.