W. Strober, I. Fuss, and P. Mannon, The fundamental basis of inflammatory bowel disease, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.117, issue.3, pp.514-535, 2007.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI30587

J. Cosnes, C. Gower-rousseau, P. Seksik, and A. Cortot, Epidemiology and Natural History of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Gastroenterology, vol.140, issue.6, pp.1785-94, 2011.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.055
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00631553

E. Loftus and . Jr, Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences, Gastroenterology, vol.126, issue.6, pp.1504-1521, 2004.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.01.063

S. Shivananda, J. Lennard-jones, R. Logan, N. Fear, A. Price et al., Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south? Results of the European Collaborative Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EC-IBD)., Gut, vol.39, issue.5, pp.690-697, 1996.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.39.5.690

A. Schirbel and C. Fiocchi, Inflammatory bowel disease: Established and evolving considerations on its etiopathogenesis and therapy, Journal of Digestive Diseases, vol.4, issue.III, pp.266-76, 2010.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5814

R. Xavier and D. Podolsky, Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, Nature, vol.124, issue.7152, pp.427-461, 2007.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.705

A. Mowat and W. Agace, Regional specialization within the intestinal immune system, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.12, issue.10, pp.667-85, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05708.x

E. Zigmond and S. Jung, Intestinal macrophages: well educated exceptions from the rule, Trends in Immunology, vol.34, issue.4, pp.162-170, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.it.2013.02.001

C. Bain, C. Scott, H. Uronen-hansson, S. Gudjonsson, O. Jansson et al., Resident and pro-inflammatory macrophages in the colon represent alternative context-dependent fates of the same Ly6Chi monocyte precursors, Mucosal Immunology, vol.167, issue.3, pp.498-510, 2013.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.20051100

X. Xu, C. Liu, B. Feng, and Z. Liu, Dysregulation of mucosal immune response in pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.20, issue.12, pp.3255-64, 2014.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.v20.i12.3255

M. Neurath, Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.3, issue.5, pp.329-371, 2014.
DOI : 10.1038/mi.2009.116

S. Montgomery, D. Morris, R. Pounder, and A. Wakefield, Asian ethnic origin and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease, European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol.11, issue.5, pp.543-549, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00042737-199905000-00013

I. Carr and J. Mayberry, The effects of migration on ulcerative colitis: a three-year prospective study among Europeans and first-and second-generation South Asians in Leicester (1991?1994), Am J Gastroenterol, vol.94, issue.1099, pp.2918-2940, 1999.

J. Helman, Congenital familial acheiria associated with an interventricular septal defect and divarication of the upper abdominal rectus muscles, S Afr Med J, vol.56, issue.23, p.982, 1979.

M. Orholm, P. Munkholm, E. Langholz, O. Nielsen, T. Sorensen et al., Familial Occurrence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.324, issue.2, pp.84-92, 1991.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199101103240203

B. Khor, A. Gardet, and R. Xavier, Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, Nature, vol.105, issue.7351, pp.307-324, 2011.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0804812105

J. Van-limbergen, G. Radford-smith, and J. Satsangi, Advances in IBD genetics, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol.486, issue.6, pp.372-85, 2014.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.08.035

D. Shih, S. Targan, and D. Mcgovern, Recent advances in IBD pathogenesis: Genetics and immunobiology, Current Gastroenterology Reports, vol.29, issue.6, pp.568-75, 2008.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4985
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2734390?pdf=render

E. Glocker, D. Kotlarz, K. Boztug, E. Gertz, A. Schaffer et al., Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Mutations Affecting the Interleukin-10 Receptor, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.361, issue.21, pp.2033-2078, 2009.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa0907206

D. Shouval, A. Biswas, J. Goettel, K. Mccann, E. Conaway et al., Interleukin-10 Receptor Signaling in Innate Immune Cells Regulates Mucosal Immune Tolerance and Anti-Inflammatory Macrophage Function, Immunity, vol.40, issue.5, pp.706-725, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.03.011

G. Aithal, A. Craggs, C. Day, M. Welfare, A. Daly et al., Role of polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 gene in determining disease Frontiers in Immunology | www.frontiersin, p.400, 2018.

D. Amre, D. Mack, K. Morgan, D. Israel, P. Lambrette et al., ) gene variants and susceptibility for paediatric onset Crohn???s disease, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.102, issue.suppl 170, pp.1025-1056, 2009.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.v12.i3.443

A. Wang, W. Lam, D. Han, Y. Ding, R. Hu et al., The effect of IL-10 genetic variation and interleukin 10 serum levels on Crohn's disease susceptibility in a New Zealand population, Human Immunology, vol.72, issue.5, pp.431-436, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.02.014

E. Glocker, N. Frede, M. Perro, N. Sebire, M. Elawad et al., Infant colitis???it's in the genes, The Lancet, vol.376, issue.9748, pp.1272-1282, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61008-2

E. Reuss, R. Fimmers, A. Kruger, C. Becker, C. Rittner et al., Differential regulation of interleukin-10 production by genetic and environmental factors ??? a twin study, Genes & Immunity, vol.44, issue.Suppl 2, pp.407-420, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/1529-0131(200105)44:5<1209::AID-ANR205>3.0.CO;2-S

H. Braat, M. Peppelenbosch, and D. Hommes, Interleukin-10-based therapy for inflammatory bowel disease, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, vol.29, issue.5, pp.725-756, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/419545a

S. Melgar, M. Yeung, A. Bas, G. Forsberg, O. Suhr et al., Over-expression of interleukin 10 in mucosal T cells of patients with active ulcerative colitis, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol.167, issue.1, pp.127-164, 2003.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.193.4.471

B. Meresse, P. Rutgeerts, H. Malchow, S. Dubucquoi, J. Dessaint et al., Low ileal interleukin 10 concentrations are predictive of endoscopic recurrence in patients with Crohn's disease, Gut, vol.50, issue.1, pp.25-33, 2002.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.50.1.25

S. Schreiber, T. Heinig, H. Thiele, and A. Raedler, Immunoregulatory role of interleukin 10 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Gastroenterology, vol.108, issue.5, pp.1434-1478, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90692-4

T. Kucharzik, R. Stoll, N. Lugering, and W. Domschke, Circulating antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Clinical & Experimental Immunology, vol.102, issue.3, pp.452-458, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(92)90098-J

F. Ljuca, A. Gegic, N. Salkic, and N. Pavlovic-calic, Circulating Cytokines Reflect Mucosal Inflammatory Status in Patients with Crohn???s Disease, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol.23, issue.Suppl 4, pp.2316-2342, 2010.
DOI : 10.1155/2005/647459

K. Mitsuyama, N. Tomiyasu, K. Takaki, J. Masuda, H. Yamasaki et al., Interleukin-10 in the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Increased Serum Concentrations During the Recovery Phase, Mediators of Inflammation, vol.10, issue.5, pp.26875-26885, 2006.
DOI : 10.2174/1381612043382602

R. Kuhn, J. Lohler, D. Rennick, K. Rajewsky, and W. Muller, Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis, Cell, vol.75, issue.2, pp.263-74, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(93)80068-P

E. Zigmond, B. Bernshtein, G. Friedlander, C. Walker, S. Yona et al., Macrophage-Restricted Interleukin-10 Receptor Deficiency, but Not IL-10 Deficiency, Causes Severe Spontaneous Colitis, Immunity, vol.40, issue.5, pp.720-753, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.03.012
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2014.03.012

H. Nguyen, B. Tran, W. Muller, and R. Jack, IL-10 Acts As a Developmental Switch Guiding Monocyte Differentiation to Macrophages during a Murine Peritoneal Infection, The Journal of Immunology, vol.189, issue.6, pp.3112-3132, 2012.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.1200360

D. Shouval, J. Ouahed, A. Biswas, J. Goettel, B. Horwitz et al., Interleukin 10 Receptor Signaling, Adv Immunol, vol.122, pp.177-210, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-800267-4.00005-5
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4741283?pdf=render

G. Marlow, D. Van-gent, and L. Ferguson, Why interleukin-10 supplementation does not work in Crohn???s disease patients, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.19, issue.25, pp.3931-3972, 2013.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.v19.i25.3931

D. Berg, N. Davidson, R. Kuhn, W. Muller, S. Menon et al., Enterocolitis and colon cancer in interleukin-10-deficient mice are associated with aberrant cytokine production and CD4(+) TH1-like responses., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.98, issue.4, pp.1010-2010, 1172.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI118861

M. Pils, F. Pisano, N. Fasnacht, J. Heinrich, L. Groebe et al., Monocytes/macrophages and/or neutrophils are the target of IL-10 in the LPS endotoxemia model, European Journal of Immunology, vol.15, issue.2, pp.443-451, 2010.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2383

D. Fazio, L. Cavazza, E. Spisni, E. Strillacci, A. Centanni et al., Longitudinal analysis of inflammation and microbiota dynamics in a model of mild chronic dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.20, issue.8, pp.2051-61, 2014.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.v20.i8.2051

A. Izcue, S. Hue, S. Buonocore, C. Arancibia-carcamo, P. Ahern et al., Interleukin-23 Restrains Regulatory T Cell Activity to??Drive T Cell-Dependent Colitis, Immunity, vol.28, issue.4, pp.559-70, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.019
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.019

I. Stzepourginski, G. Eberl, and L. Peduto, An optimized protocol for isolating lymphoid stromal cells from the intestinal lamina propria, Journal of Immunological Methods, vol.421, pp.14-23, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jim.2014.11.013
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01402711

H. Uhlig, J. Coombes, C. Mottet, A. Izcue, C. Thompson et al., Characterization of Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ and IL-10-Secreting CD4+CD25+ T Cells during Cure of Colitis, The Journal of Immunology, vol.177, issue.9, pp.5852-60, 2006.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.5852

A. Mesquita, M. Correia-neves, S. Roque, A. Castro, P. Vieira et al., IL-10 modulates depressive-like behavior, Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol.43, issue.2, pp.89-97, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.02.004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00455431

K. Engelhardt and B. Grimbacher, IL-10 in Humans: Lessons from the Gut, IL-10/IL-10 Receptor Deficiencies, and IL-10 Polymorphisms, Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, vol.380, pp.1-18, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-662-43492-5_1

M. Perse and A. Cerar, Dextran sodium sulphate colitis mouse model: traps and tricks, J Biomed Biotechnol, p.718617, 2012.

J. Farache, E. Zigmond, G. Shakhar, and S. Jung, Contributions of dendritic cells and macrophages to intestinal homeostasis and immune defense, Immunology and Cell Biology, vol.209, issue.3, pp.232-241, 2013.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.20120030

S. Yona, K. Kim, Y. Wolf, A. Mildner, D. Varol et al., Fate Mapping Reveals Origins and Dynamics of Monocytes and Tissue Macrophages under Homeostasis, Immunity, vol.38, issue.1, pp.79-91, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.12.001

G. Melmed and S. Targan, Future biologic targets for IBD: potentials and pitfalls, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol.361, issue.2, pp.110-117, 2009.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4985

L. Peyrin-biroulet, P. Desreumaux, W. Sandborn, and J. Colombel, Crohn's disease: beyond antagonists of tumour necrosis factor, The Lancet, vol.372, issue.9632, pp.67-81, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60995-2

J. Colombel, P. Rutgeerts, H. Malchow, M. Jacyna, O. Nielsen et al., Tenovil) in the prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease, Gut, vol.10, issue.491, pp.42-48, 2001.

R. Fedorak, A. Gangl, C. Elson, P. Rutgeerts, S. Schreiber et al., Recombinant human interleukin 10 in the treatment of patients with mild to moderately active Crohn's disease, Gastroenterology, vol.119, issue.6, pp.1473-82, 2000.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2000.20229

S. Schreiber, R. Fedorak, O. Nielsen, G. Wild, C. Williams et al., Safety and efficacy of recombinant human interleukin 10 in chronic active Crohn's disease, Gastroenterology, vol.119, issue.6, pp.1461-72, 2000.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2000.20196

S. Van-deventer, C. Elson, and R. Fedorak, Multiple doses of intravenous interleukin 10 in steroid-refractory Crohn's disease. Crohn's Disease Study Group, Gastroenterology, vol.113, issue.2, pp.383-392, 1997.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.1997.v113.pm9247454

M. Barollo, V. Medici, D. Inca, R. Banerjee, A. Ingravallo et al., Antioxidative potential of a combined therapy of anti TNF?? and Zn acetate in experimental colitis, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.17, issue.36, pp.4099-103, 2011.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.v17.i36.4099

B. Chen, H. Wang, J. Liu, and X. Liu, Zinc sulphate solution enema decreases inflammation in experimental colitis in rats, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.6, issue.11, pp.1088-92, 1999.
DOI : 10.1584/jpestics.6.327

M. Valko, D. Leibfritz, J. Moncol, M. Cronin, M. Mazur et al., Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease, The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, vol.39, issue.1, pp.44-84, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001

S. Skrovanek, K. Diguilio, R. Bailey, W. Huntington, R. Urbas et al., Zinc and gastrointestinal disease, World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, vol.5, issue.4, pp.496-513, 2014.
DOI : 10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.496