A. Stenzl, [Treatment of muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer: update of the EAU guidelines] Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin, with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin in patients with bladder cancer, Actas Urol Esp J Clin Oncol, vol.2, issue.821, pp.36-449, 2005.

J. T. Roberts, Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine/cisplatin and methotrexate/vinblastine/doxorubicin/cisplatin in patients with locally advanced and metastatic bladder cancer, Annals of Oncology, vol.17, issue.suppl_5, pp.118-140, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/annonc/mdj965

A. Morales, D. Eidinger, and A. W. Bruce, Intracavitary Bacillus Calmette-guerin in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Tumors, The Journal of Urology, vol.116, issue.2, pp.180-183, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)58737-6

M. F. Botteman, The health economics of bladder cancer, PharmacoEconomics, vol.31, issue.Suppl.1, pp.1315-1345, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65386-4

J. A. Witjes, Management of BCG Failures in Superficial Bladder Cancer: A Review, European Urology, vol.49, issue.5, pp.790-797, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.01.017

J. Fernandez-gomez, Predicting Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Recurrence and Progression in Patients Treated With Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: The CUETO Scoring Model, The Journal of Urology, vol.182, issue.5, pp.2195-203, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2009.07.016

L. Grode, Increased vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis of recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin mutants that secrete listeriolysin, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.115, issue.9, pp.2472-2481, 2005.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI24617

URL : http://www.jci.org/articles/view/24617/files/pdf

M. Farinacci, S. Weber, and S. H. Kaufmann, The recombinant tuberculosis vaccine rBCG DeltaureC::hly(+) induces apoptotic vesicles for improved priming of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, Vaccine, issue.52, pp.30-7608, 2012.

J. S. Lam, Bacillus calmete-gu??rin plus interferon-??2B intravesical therapy maintains an extended treatment plan for superficial bladder cancer with minimal toxicity, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, vol.21, issue.5, pp.354-60, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1078-1439(03)00012-7

T. Powles, MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1) treatment leads to clinical activity in metastatic bladder cancer, Nature, vol.45, issue.7528, pp.515-558, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.026

J. R. Brahmer, Safety and Activity of Anti???PD-L1 Antibody in Patients with Advanced Cancer, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.366, issue.26, pp.366-2455, 2012.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1200694

S. L. Topalian, Safety, Activity, and Immune Correlates of Anti???PD-1 Antibody in Cancer, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.366, issue.26, pp.366-2443, 2012.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1200690

O. Hamid, Safety and Tumor Responses with Lambrolizumab (Anti???PD-1) in Melanoma, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.369, issue.2, pp.134-178, 2013.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1305133

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4126516?pdf=render

B. Zbar and T. Tanaka, Immunotherapy of Cancer: Regression of Tumors after Intralesional Injection of Living Mycobacterium bovis, Science, vol.172, issue.3980, pp.271-274, 1971.
DOI : 10.1126/science.172.3980.271

S. D. Bloomberg, The effects of BCG on the dog bladder, Invest Urol, vol.12, issue.6, pp.423-430, 1975.

H. W. Herr, TUMOR PROGRESSION AND SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH HIGH GRADE, NONINVASIVE PAPILLARY (TaG3) BLADDER TUMORS: 15-YEAR OUTCOME, The Journal of Urology, vol.163, issue.1, pp.60-61, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67972-4

A. Bohle, D. Jocham, and P. R. Bock, Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Versus Mitomycin C For Superficial Bladder Cancer: A Formal Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies on Recurrence and Toxicity, The Journal of Urology, vol.169, issue.1, pp.90-95, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64043-8

A. Bohle and P. R. Bock, Intravesical bacille calmette-gu??rin versus mitomycin c in superficial bladder cancer: formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on tumor progression, Urology, vol.63, issue.4, pp.682-688, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.urology.2003.11.049

D. L. Lamm, MAINTENANCE BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR RECURRENT TA, T1 AND CARCINOMA IN SITU TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER: A RANDOMIZED SOUTHWEST ONCOLOGY GROUP STUDY, The Journal of Urology, vol.163, issue.4, pp.1124-1133, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67707-5

D. L. Lamm, Preventing Progression and Improving Survival with BCG Maintenance, European Urology, vol.37, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.9-15, 2000.
DOI : 10.1159/000052376

D. L. Lamm, Efficacy and Safety of Bacille Calmette-Gu??rin Immunotherapy in Superficial Bladder Cancer, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.147, issue.Suppl, pp.86-90, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)37369-X

R. J. Sylvester, M. A. Van, and D. L. Lamm, Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Reduces the Risk of Progression in Patients with Superficial Bladder Cancer:, The Journal of Urology, issue.5, pp.168-1964, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00005392-200211000-00016

T. Kalble, [BCG vs interferon A for prevention of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. A prospective randomized study], Urologe A, vol.33, issue.2, pp.133-140, 1994.

T. Marttila, Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Gu??rin Versus Combination of Epirubicin and Interferon-??2a in Reducing Recurrence of Non???Muscle-invasive Bladder Carcinoma: FinnBladder-6 Study, European Urology, vol.70, issue.2, pp.341-348, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.03.034

C. W. Cheng, 17-year follow-up of a randomized prospective controlled trial of adjuvant intravesical doxorubicin in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer, International braz j urol, vol.20, issue.3, pp.31-204, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00262492

T. L. Ratliff, Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for murine bladder tumors: initiation of the response by fibronectin-mediated attachment of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, Cancer Res, issue.7, pp.47-1762, 1987.

L. R. Kavoussi, Fibronectin-mediated Calmette-Guerin bacillus attachment to murine bladder mucosa. Requirement for the expression of an antitumor response., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.85, issue.1, pp.62-69, 1990.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI114434

URL : http://www.jci.org/articles/view/114434/files/pdf

J. S. Teppema, Morphological aspects of the interaction of Bacillus Calmette-Gu??rin with urothelial bladder cells in vivo and in vitro: relevance for antitumor activity?, Urological Research, vol.55, issue.3, pp.219-247, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00299721

W. Zhao, Role of a bacillus calmette-gu???rin fibronectin attachment protein in BCG-induced antitumor activity, International Journal of Cancer, vol.274, issue.1, pp.83-91, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000401)86:1<83::AID-IJC13>3.0.CO;2-R

C. Durek, BACILLUS-CALMETTE-GUERIN (BCG) AND 3D TUMORS, The Journal of Urology, vol.162, issue.2, pp.600-605, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00005392-199908000-00093

G. Redelman-sidi, Oncogenic Activation of Pak1-Dependent Pathway of Macropinocytosis Determines BCG Entry into Bladder Cancer Cells, Cancer Research, vol.73, issue.3, pp.73-1156, 2013.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-1882

R. F. Bevers, BCG-induced interleukin-6 upregulation and BCG internalization in well and poorly differentiated human bladder cancer cell lines, Eur Cytokine Netw, issue.92, pp.181-187, 1998.

N. Ikeda, Surface antigen expression on bladder tumor cells induced by bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG): A role of BCG internalization into tumor cells, International Journal of Urology, vol.58, issue.1, pp.29-35, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/cimm.1997.1092

G. Huang, Inhibition of Mycobacterial Infection by the Tumor Suppressor PTEN, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.62, issue.27, pp.23196-202, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601407

G. Redelman-sidi, M. S. Glickman, and B. H. Bochner, The mechanism of action of BCG therapy for bladder cancer???a current perspective, Nature Reviews Urology, vol.59, issue.3, pp.153-62, 2014.
DOI : 10.1159/000283049

S. Prescott, HLA-DR Expression by High Grade Superficial Bladder Cancer Treated with BCG, British Journal of Urology, vol.172, issue.3, pp.264-273, 1989.
DOI : 10.1038/bjc.1987.218

A. M. Jackson, Induction of ICAM 1 expression on bladder tumours by BCG immunotherapy., Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol.47, issue.4, pp.309-321, 1994.
DOI : 10.1136/jcp.47.4.309

K. Esuvaranathan, Interleukin-6 Production by Bladder Tumors is Upregulated by BCG Immunotherapy, The Journal of Urology, vol.154, issue.2, pp.572-577, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)67113-1

Y. Zhang, H. E. Khoo, and K. Esuvaranathan, EFFECTS OF BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN AND INTERFERON alpha-2B ON CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN HUMAN BLADDER CANCER CELL LINES, The Journal of Urology, vol.161, issue.3, pp.977-83, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)61832-9

T. M. De-reijke, Cytokine production by the human bladder carcinoma cell line T24 in the presence of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Urological Research, vol.20, issue.5, pp.349-52, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00296835

A. Bisiaux, Molecular Analyte Profiling of the Early Events and Tissue Conditioning Following Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy in Patients With Superficial Bladder Cancer, The Journal of Urology, vol.181, issue.4, pp.1571-80, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.124

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01402294

D. Boer and E. C. , Induction of urinary interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor during intravesical immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin in superficial bladder cancer, Cancer Immunol Immunother, issue.5, pp.34-306, 1992.

E. C. De-boer, Role of interleukin-8 in onset of the immune response in intravesical BCG therapy for superficial bladder cancer, Urological Research, vol.30, issue.1, pp.31-35, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00941903

A. Alexandroff, Production of IL-5, a classical T(H)2 cytokine, following bacillus Calmette guerin immunotherapy of bladder cancer, International Journal of Oncology, vol.9, issue.1, pp.179-82, 1996.
DOI : 10.3892/ijo.9.1.179

O. Donnell and M. A. , Role of IL-12 in the induction and potentiation of IFN-gamma in response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin, J Immunol, issue.8, pp.163-4246, 1999.

A. M. Jackson, Changes in urinary cytokines and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in bladder cancer patients after Bacillus Calmette-Gu??rin (BCG) immunotherapy, Clinical & Experimental Immunology, vol.11, issue.3, pp.99-369, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb05560.x

M. Eto, Importance of Urinary Interleukin-18 in Intravesical Immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Gu??rin for Superficial Bladder Tumors, Urologia Internationalis, vol.48, issue.2, pp.114-122, 2005.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.170.3.827

T. L. Ratliff, T-Cell Subsets Required for Intravesical BCG Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer, The Journal of Urology, vol.150, issue.3, pp.1018-1041, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)35678-1

S. Brandau, NK cells are essential for effective BCG immunotherapy, International Journal of Cancer, vol.52, issue.5, pp.697-702, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-5699(96)80582-2

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0215(20010601)92:5<697::AID-IJC1245>3.0.CO;2-Z/pdf

T. L. Ratliff, A. Shapiro, and W. J. Catalona, Inhibition of murine bladder tumor growth by bacille Calmette-Guerin: Lack of a role of natural killer cells, Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, vol.41, issue.1, pp.108-123, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0090-1229(86)90055-3

C. Biot, Preexisting BCG-Specific T Cells Improve Intravesical Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer, Science Translational Medicine, vol.147, issue.12, pp.137-72, 2012.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.0803974

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01402032

S. Prescott, Intravesical Evans Strain BCG Therapy: Quantitative Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Immune Response within the Bladder Wall, The Journal of Urology, vol.147, issue.6, pp.1636-1678, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)37668-1

D. Boer and E. C. , Cytokine Gene Expression in a Mouse Model: The First Instillations With Viable bacillus Calmette-Guerin Determine the Succeeding Th1 Response, The Journal of Urology, vol.170, issue.5, pp.2004-2012, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ju.0000091826.83705.79

R. Nadler, Interleukin 10 induced augmentation of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) enhances Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) mediated antitumour activity, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol.155, issue.2, pp.206-222, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66136-6

K. M. Mcaveney, L. G. Gomella, and E. C. Lattime, Induction of TH1- and TH2-associated cytokine mRNA in mouse bladder following intravesical growth of the murine bladder tumor MB49 and BCG immunotherapy, Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy, vol.254, issue.6, pp.39-401, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01534428

J. Riemensberger, A. Bohle, and S. Brandau, IFN-gamma and IL-12 but not IL-10 are required for local tumour surveillance in a syngeneic model of orthotopic bladder cancer, Clinical & Experimental Immunology, vol.123, issue.(Suppl.), pp.20-26, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01428.x

H. Yamada, MURINE IL-2 SECRETING RECOMBINANT BACILLUS CALMETTE-GU??RIN AUGMENTS MACROPHAGE-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY AGAINST MURINE BLADDER CANCER MBT-2, The Journal of Urology, vol.164, issue.2, pp.526-557, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67417-4

J. Arnold, Immunotherapy of Experimental Bladder Cancer with Recombinant BCG Expressing Interferon-??, Journal of Immunotherapy, vol.27, issue.2, pp.116-139, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00002371-200403000-00005

W. Liu, Recombinant bacillus Calmette-Gu??rin (BCG) expressing interferon-alpha 2B enhances human mononuclear cell cytotoxicity against bladder cancer cell lines in vitro, Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, vol.5, issue.Suppl 1, pp.58-1647, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/bjc.1994.481

Y. Luo, Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Gu??rin (BCG) expressing mouse IL-18 augments Th1 immunity and macrophage cytotoxicity, Clinical & Experimental Immunology, vol.70, issue.Suppl. 2, pp.24-34, 2004.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.323

Y. Luo, IFN-alpha 2B enhances Th1 cytokine responses in bladder cancer patients receiving Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy, J Immunol, vol.162, issue.4, pp.2399-405, 1999.

K. G. Nepple, Bacillus Calmette-Gu??rin With or Without Interferon ??-2b and Megadose Versus Recommended Daily Allowance Vitamins During Induction and Maintenance Intravesical Treatment of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer, The Journal of Urology, vol.184, issue.5, pp.1915-1924, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2010.06.147

P. Stricker, Bacillus calmette-Gu??rin plus intravesical interferon alpha-2b in patients with superficial bladder cancer, Urology, vol.48, issue.6, pp.957-61, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0090-4295(96)00375-5

J. Hess, Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin strains secreting listeriolysin of Listeria monocytogenes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.25, issue.24, pp.95-5299, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.8303277

URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/95/9/5299.full.pdf

C. Desel, Recombinant BCG DeltaureC hly+ induces superior protection over parental BCG by stimulating a balanced combination of type 1 and type 17 cytokine responses, J Infect Dis, issue.10, pp.204-1573, 2011.

A. Vogelzang, Central memory CD4+ T cells are responsible for the recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guerin DeltaureC::hly vaccine's superior protection against tuberculosis, J Infect Dis, issue.12, pp.210-1928, 2014.

R. J. Greenwald, G. J. Freeman, and A. H. Sharpe, THE B7 FAMILY REVISITED, Annual Review of Immunology, vol.23, issue.1, pp.515-563, 2005.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115611

D. M. Pardoll, The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.12, issue.4, pp.252-64
DOI : 10.1038/nrc3237

F. Pandolfi, Strategies to Overcome Obstacles to Successful Immunotherapy of Melanoma, International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, vol.59, issue.3, pp.493-500, 2008.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1204

T. J. Stewart and M. J. Smyth, Improving cancer immunotherapy by targeting tumor-induced immune suppression, Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, vol.57, issue.2, pp.125-165, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00280-005-0028-1

C. Kyi and M. A. Postow, Checkpoint blocking antibodies in cancer immunotherapy, FEBS Letters, vol.31, issue.2, pp.368-76, 2014.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMe1205943

J. E. Rosenberg, Atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial, The Lancet, vol.387, issue.10031, pp.387-1909, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00561-4

P. Sharma, Nivolumab monotherapy in recurrent metastatic urothelial carcinoma (CheckMate 032): a multicentre, open-label, two-stage, multi-arm, phase 1/2 trial, The Lancet Oncology, vol.17, issue.11, pp.17-1590, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30496-X

Z. Z. Yang, PD-1 expression defines two distinct T-cell sub-populations in follicular lymphoma that differentially impact patient survival PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression, Blood Cancer J Nature, issue.7109, pp.443-350, 2006.

H. Dong, Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion, Nat Med, issue.88, pp.793-800, 2002.

L. Chen and X. Han, Anti???PD-1/PD-L1 therapy of human cancer: past, present, and future, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.125, issue.9, pp.3384-91, 2015.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI80011

S. Sundararajan and N. J. Vogelzang, Anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 therapy for bladder cancer: what is on the horizon?, Future Oncology, vol.25, issue.4, pp.2299-306, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/nature13904

E. A. Tivol, Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4, Immunity, vol.3, issue.5, pp.541-548, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90125-6

S. P. Patel and R. Kurzrock, PD-L1 Expression as a Predictive Biomarker in Cancer Immunotherapy, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, vol.14, issue.4, pp.847-56, 2015.
DOI : 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-14-0983

J. M. Taube, Colocalization of Inflammatory Response with B7-H1 Expression in Human Melanocytic Lesions Supports an Adaptive Resistance Mechanism of Immune Escape, Science Translational Medicine, vol.27, issue.36, pp.127-164, 2012.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.4799

H. Dong, B7-H1, a third member of the B7 family, co-stimulates T-cell proliferation and interleukin-10 secretion, Nature Medicine, vol.183, issue.12, pp.1365-1374, 1999.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.183.2.639

N. Selenko-gebauer, B7-H1 (Programmed Death-1 Ligand) on Dendritic Cells Is Involved in the Induction and Maintenance of T Cell Anergy, The Journal of Immunology, vol.170, issue.7, pp.3637-3681, 2003.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3637

F. Tsushima, Interaction between B7-H1 and PD-1 determines initiation and reversal of T-cell anergy, Blood, vol.110, issue.1, pp.180-185, 2007.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2006-11-060087

M. V. Goldberg, Role of PD-1 and its ligand, B7-H1, in early fate decisions of CD8 T cells Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection, Blood Nature, vol.110, issue.17077, pp.439-682, 2006.

R. S. Herbst, Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients, Nature, vol.9, issue.7528, pp.515-563, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0088401

A. V. Balar, Atezolizumab as first-line treatment in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial, The Lancet, vol.389, issue.10064, pp.389-67, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32455-2

A. Snyder, Contribution of systemic and somatic factors to clinical response and resistance to PD-L1 blockade in urothelial cancer: An exploratory multi-omic analysis, PLOS Medicine, vol.371, issue.5, pp.14-1002309, 2017.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002309.s011

J. Bellmunt, Long-term survival results of a randomized phase III trial of vinflunine plus best supportive care versus best supportive care alone in advanced urothelial carcinoma patients after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy, Annals of Oncology, vol.48, issue.3, pp.24-1466, 2013.
DOI : 10.1080/02841860802325932

E. R. Plimack, Safety and activity of pembrolizumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer (KEYNOTE-012): a non-randomised, open-label, phase 1b study Pembrolizumab as Second-Line Therapy for Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma, Lancet Oncol N Engl J Med, vol.18, issue.211, pp.376-1015, 2017.

A. B. Apolo, Avelumab, an Anti???Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Antibody, In Patients With Refractory Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Results From a Multicenter, Phase Ib Study, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.35, issue.19, pp.35-2117, 2017.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2016.71.6795

C. Massard, Safety and Efficacy of Durvalumab (MEDI4736), an Anti???Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor, in Patients With Advanced Urothelial Bladder Cancer, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.34, issue.26, pp.34-3119, 2016.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2016.67.9761

P. Singh and P. Black, Emerging role of checkpoint inhibition in localized bladder cancer, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, vol.34, issue.12, pp.548-555, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.09.004

S. M. Mangsbo, Enhanced Tumor Eradication by Combining CTLA-4 or PD-1 Blockade With CpG Therapy, Journal of Immunotherapy, vol.33, issue.3, pp.225-260, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/CJI.0b013e3181c01fcb

A. J. Vandeveer, Systemic Immunotherapy of Non-Muscle Invasive Mouse Bladder Cancer with Avelumab, an Anti-PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor, Cancer Immunology Research, vol.4, issue.5, pp.452-62, 2016.
DOI : 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-15-0176

R. Rotterud, Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor family in normal and malignant urothelium, BJU International, vol.50, issue.9, pp.1344-50, 2005.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M201422200

S. K. Cho, Functionalized Gold Nanorods for Thermal Ablation Treatment of Bladder Cancer, Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, vol.10, issue.7, pp.1267-76, 2014.
DOI : 10.1166/jbn.2014.1838

X. Yang, The Antineoplastic Activity of Photothermal Ablative Therapy with Targeted Gold Nanorods in an Orthotopic Urinary Bladder Cancer Model, Bladder Cancer, vol.4, issue.3, pp.201-210, 2017.
DOI : 10.1021/nn901884d

R. Railkar, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-targeted Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) for the Treatment of EGFR-expressing Bladder Cancer, Mol Cancer Ther, issue.10, pp.16-2201, 2017.

M. R. Siddiqui, Current clinical trials in non???muscle invasive bladder cancer, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, vol.35, issue.8, pp.516-527, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.06.043