I. Raad, Intravascular-catheter-related infections, Lancet, vol.35110, issue.97, pp.893-898, 1016.

I. Raad and H. Hanna, Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.162, issue.8, pp.871-878, 2002.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.162.8.871

L. Mermel, M. Allon, E. Bouza, D. Craven, P. Flynn et al., Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Intravascular Catheter???Related Infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.49, issue.1, pp.1-45, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/599376

L. Leonidou and C. Gogos, Catheter-related bloodstream infections: catheter management according to pathogen, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.36, issue.2, pp.26-32, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.11.004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00650367

B. Allegranzi, B. Nejad, S. Combescure, C. Graafmans, W. Attar et al., Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis, The Lancet, vol.377, issue.9761, pp.228-241, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61458-4

D. Lebeaux, N. Fernández-hidalgo, A. Chauhan, S. Lee, J. Ghigo et al., Management of infections related to totally implantable venous-access ports: challenges and perspectives, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.14, issue.2, pp.146-159, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70266-4
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01381818

J. Costerton, P. Stewart, and E. Greenberg, Bacterial Biofilms: A Common Cause of Persistent Infections, Science, vol.284, issue.5418, pp.1318-1322, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.284.5418.1318

R. Donlan, Biofilms and Device-Associated Infections, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.7, issue.2, pp.277-281, 2001.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0702.010226
URL : https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/pdfs/vol23no9_pdf-version.pdf

O. Grady, N. , A. M. Dellinger, E. Gerberding, J. Heard et al., Conclusion:, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, vol.8, issue.12, pp.759-769, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/S019594170006728X

A. Chauhan, D. Lebeaux, B. Decante, I. Kriegel, M. Escande et al., A Rat Model of Central Venous Catheter to Study Establishment of Long-Term Bacterial Biofilm and Related Acute and Chronic Infections, PLoS ONE, vol.40, issue.5, p.37281, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0037281.s009
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01385598

E. Grice and J. Segre, The skin microbiome, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.14, issue.4, pp.244-253, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-7799(96)10025-1

I. Raad, W. Costerton, U. Sabharwal, M. Sacilowski, E. Anaissie et al., Ultrastructural Analysis of Indwelling Vascular Catheters: A Quantitative Relationship between Luminal Colonization and Duration of Placement, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.168, issue.2, pp.400-407, 1993.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/168.2.400

L. Zhang, J. Gowardman, M. Morrison, L. Krause, E. Playford et al., Molecular investigation of bacterial communities on intravascular catheters: no longer just Staphylococcus, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol.56, issue.3, pp.1189-1198, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s00284-007-9060-1

L. Zhang, J. Gowardman, M. Morrison, N. Runnegar, and C. Rickard, Microbial biofilms associated with intravascular catheter-related bloodstream infections in adult intensive care patients, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol.42, issue.6, pp.201-205, 2016.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000166

D. Maki, Infections caused by intravascular devices used for infusion therapy: pathogenesis, prevention, and management Infections associated with in-dwelling medical devices, pp.155-212, 1994.

L. Zhang, K. Sriprakash, D. Mcmillan, J. Gowardman, B. Patel et al., Microbiological pattern of arterial catheters in the intensive care unit, BMC Microbiology, vol.10, issue.1, p.266, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2180-10-266

M. Larsen, T. Thomsen, C. Moser, N. Høiby, and P. Nielsen, Use of cultivation-dependent and -independent techniques to assess contamination of central venous catheters: a pilot study, BMC Clinical Pathology, vol.30, issue.2, p.10, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.06.024

E. Perez, M. Williams, J. Jacob, M. Reyes, C. Tejedor et al., Microbial Biofilms on Needleless Connectors for Central Venous Catheters: Comparison of Standard and Silver-Coated Devices Collected from Patients in an Acute Care Hospital, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.52, issue.3, pp.823-83102220, 2014.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.02220-13

C. Crnich and D. Maki, The Promise of Novel Technology for the Prevention of Intravascular Device???Related Bloodstream Infection. I. Pathogenesis and Short???Term Devices, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.16, issue.9, pp.1232-1242, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/0148607192016006581

B. Trautner and R. Darouiche, Catheter-Associated Infections, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.164, issue.8, pp.842-850, 2004.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.164.8.842
URL : http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/data/journals/intemed/5484/ira20111.pdf

R. Sherertz, I. Raad, A. Belani, L. Koo, K. Rand et al., Three-year experience with sonicated vascular catheter cultures in a clinical microbiology laboratory, J Clin Microbiol, vol.28, pp.76-82, 1990.

P. Maroye, H. Doermann, A. Rogues, J. Gachie, and F. Mégraud, Investigation of an outbreak of Ralstonia pickettii in a paediatric hospital by RAPD, Journal of Hospital Infection, vol.44, issue.4, pp.267-272, 2000.
DOI : 10.1053/jhin.1999.0691

S. Sundaram, M. Lewis, J. Eisenhuth, G. Howard, . Jr et al., Method for qualifying microbial removal performance of 0.1 micron rated filters. Part IV: retention of Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava (ATCC 700892) and Ralstonia pickettii (ATCC 700591) by 0.2 and 0.22 micron rated filters, PDA J Pharm Sci Technol, vol.56, pp.150-171, 2002.

M. Polz and C. Cavanaugh, Bias in template-to-product ratios in multitemplate PCR, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.64, pp.3724-3730, 1998.

M. Arumugam, J. Raes, E. Pelletier, L. Paslier, D. Yamada et al., Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome, Nature, vol.106, issue.7346, pp.174-180, 2011.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0808022106
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-00903625

P. Roger, J. Tabutin, V. Blanc, S. Léotard, P. Brofferio et al., Prosthetic joint infection: A pluridisciplinary multi-center audit bridging quality of care and outcome, M??decine et Maladies Infectieuses, vol.45, issue.6, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.medmal.2015.04.003

A. Misic, S. Gardner, and E. Grice, The Wound Microbiome: Modern Approaches to Examining the Role of Microorganisms in Impaired Chronic Wound Healing, Advances in Wound Care, vol.3, issue.7, pp.502-510, 2014.
DOI : 10.1089/wound.2012.0397

S. Warwick, M. Wilks, E. Hennessy, J. Powell-tuck, M. Small et al., Use of quantitative 16S ribosomal DNA detection for diagnosis Stressmann, 2004.

R. Edwards and K. Harding, Bacteria and wound healing, Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, vol.17, issue.2, pp.91-96, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00001432-200404000-00004

G. Ehrlich, F. Hu, K. Shen, P. Stoodley, and J. Post, Bacterial Plurality as a General Mechanism Driving Persistence in Chronic Infections, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.295, issue.1-2, pp.20-24, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/00003086-200508000-00005

K. Brogden, J. Guthmiller, and C. Taylor, Human polymicrobial infections, The Lancet, vol.365, issue.9455, pp.253-255, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70155-0

M. Kosiewicz, A. Zirnheld, and P. Alard, Gut Microbiota, Immunity, and Disease: A Complex Relationship, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.2, 2011.
DOI : 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00180

B. Coburn, P. Wang, D. Caballero, J. Clark, S. Brahma et al., Lung microbiota across age and disease stage in cystic fibrosis, Scientific Reports, vol.323, issue.1, 2015.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.323.7324.1280
URL : http://www.nature.com/articles/srep10241.pdf

L. David, A. Weil, E. Ryan, S. Calderwood, J. Harris et al., Gut Microbial Succession Follows Acute Secretory Diarrhea in Humans, mBio, vol.6, issue.3, pp.381-1500381, 2015.
DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00381-15
URL : http://mbio.asm.org/content/6/3/e00381-15.full.pdf

R. Kramer, A. Sauer-heilborn, T. Welte, C. Guzman, W. Abraham et al., Cohort Study of Airway Mycobiome in Adult Cystic Fibrosis Patients: Differences in Community Structure between Fungi and Bacteria Reveal Predominance of Transient Fungal Elements, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.53, issue.9, pp.2900-290701094, 2015.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.01094-15

D. Sprockett, C. Ammons, and M. Tuttle, Use of 16S rRNA sequencing and quantitative PCR to correlate venous leg ulcer bacterial bioburden dynamics with wound expansion, antibiotic therapy, and healing, Wound Repair and Regeneration, vol.11, issue.5, pp.765-771, 2015.
DOI : 10.1177/1099800409346333

N. Høiby, T. Bjarnsholt, C. Moser, G. Bassi, T. Coenye et al., ESCMID??? guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of biofilm infections 2014, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.21, issue.1, pp.1-25
DOI : 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.10.024

D. Lebeaux, B. Larroque, J. Gellen-dautremer, V. Leflon-guibout, C. Dreyer et al., Clinical Outcome After a Totally Implantable Venous Access Port-Related Infection in Cancer Patients, Medicine, vol.91, issue.6, pp.309-318, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/MD.0b013e318275ffe1