N. Gupta, Inhibitors of retrograde trafficking active against ricin and Shiga toxins also protect cells from several viruses, Leishmania and Chlamydiales, Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol.267, pp.96-103005, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.10.005

E. J. Gillespie, Selective inhibitor of endosomal trafficking pathways exploited by multiple toxins and viruses, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.36, issue.1, pp.4904-49121302334110, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90070-9

L. Zilbermintz, Identification of agents effective against multiple toxins and viruses by host-oriented cell targeting, Scientific Reports, vol.101, issue.1, p.13476, 2015.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0407794101

W. Leonardi, Bithionol blocks pathogenicity of bacterial toxins, ricin, and Zika virus. Sci Rep-Uk 6, https://doi.org/10, p.34475, 1038.

J. B. Saenz, T. A. Doggett, and D. B. Haslam, Identification and Characterization of Small Molecules That Inhibit Intracellular Toxin Transport, Infection and Immunity, vol.75, issue.9, pp.4552-456100442, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00442-07

R. A. Spooner and P. Watson, Drug targeting: Learning from toxin entry and trafficking in mammalian cells, Curr Opin Drug Disc, vol.13, pp.86-95, 2010.

E. Bekerman and S. Einav, Combating emerging viral threats, Science, vol.98, issue.40, pp.282-283, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.017
URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419706/pdf

K. Sandvig and B. Van-deurs, Delivery into cells: lessons learned from plant and bacterial toxins, Gene Therapy, vol.44, issue.11, pp.865-872, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00092-2
URL : http://www.nature.com/gt/journal/v12/n11/pdf/3302525a.pdf

S. Miller and J. Krijnse-locker, Modification of intracellular membrane structures for virus replication, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.71, issue.5, pp.363-374, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s007050050247

J. Barbier, J. C. Cintrat, and D. Gillet, Intracellular pathogens convert macrophages from death traps into hospitable homes, FEBS Journal, vol.99, issue.4, pp.595-59713657, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/mmi.13222
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/febs.13657/pdf

K. Sandvig, M. L. Torgersen, N. Engedal, T. Skotland, and T. Iversen, Protein toxins from plants and bacteria: Probes for intracellular transport and tools in medicine, FEBS Letters, vol.6, issue.12, pp.2626-2634008, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2105-6-21

D. Samanta, M. Mulye, T. M. Clemente, A. V. Justis, and S. D. Gilk, Manipulation of Host Cholesterol by Obligate Intracellular Bacteria, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol.1768, p.165, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.03.026

J. A. Herweg, containing vacuole: the central role of retrograde transport, Molecular Microbiology, vol.193, issue.12, pp.151-17113222, 2016.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.193.8.935

B. Stechmann, Inhibition of Retrograde Transport Protects Mice from Lethal Ricin Challenge, Cell, vol.141, issue.2, pp.231-242, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.043
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00509058

D. A. Tehran, A Novel Inhibitor Prevents the Peripheral Neuroparalysis of, Botulinum Neurotoxins. Sci Rep-Uk, vol.5, p.17513, 2015.

L. Schnell, Semicarbazone EGA Inhibits Uptake of Diphtheria Toxin into Human Cells and Protects Cells from Intoxication, Toxins, vol.8, p.8070221, 2016.

L. Schnell, EGA Protects Mammalian Cells from Clostridium difficile CDT, Clostridium perfringens Iota Toxin and Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin, Toxins, vol.54, issue.4, p.8040101, 2016.
DOI : 10.1038/227680a0
URL : http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/8/4/101/pdf

J. Audi, M. Belson, M. Patel, J. Schier, and J. Osterloh, Ricin Poisoning, JAMA, vol.294, issue.18, pp.2342-2351, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.294.18.2342

F. Tonello and C. Montecucco, The anthrax lethal factor and its MAPK kinase-specific metalloprotease activity, Molecular Aspects of Medicine, vol.30, issue.6, pp.431-438006, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mam.2009.07.006

M. R. Popoff, Lethal Toxin Glucosylation, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.9, issue.17, pp.10217-10224, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90507-3
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01406497

O. Rossetto, M. Pirazzini, and C. Montecucco, Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.344, issue.8, pp.535-549, 2014.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1253823

D. Gillet, B. Villiers, S. Pichard, B. Maillere, and A. Sanson, Hb-egf inhibitor derived from the R domain of diphtheria toxin for the treatment of diseases associated with the activation of the HB-EGF, p.552, 2017.

S. Patil, Botulinum Toxin: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Roles in Pain States. Current pain and headache reports 20, 2016.
DOI : 10.1007/s11916-016-0545-0

J. O. Dolly and G. W. Lawrence, Chapter 3: Molecular basis for the therapeutic effectiveness of botulinum neurotoxin type A, Neurourology and Urodynamics, vol.77, issue.S3, pp.14-2022634, 2014.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.062005.101135

J. M. White and G. Whittaker, Fusion of Enveloped Viruses in Endosomes, Traffic, vol.13, issue.480, pp.593-61412389, 2016.
DOI : 10.1038/nrmicro3475

M. T. Damiani, J. Gambarte-tudela, and A. Capmany, Targeting eukaryotic Rab proteins: a smart strategy for chlamydial survival and replication, Cellular Microbiology, vol.2, issue.9, pp.1329-133812325, 2014.
DOI : 10.1038/35052055
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cmi.12325/pdf

W. L. Beatty, Trafficking from CD63-positive late endocytic multivesicular bodies is essential for intracellular development of Chlamydia trachomatis, Journal of Cell Science, vol.119, issue.2, pp.350-35902733, 2006.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.02733

D. K. Robertson, L. Gu, R. K. Rowe, and W. L. Beatty, Inclusion Biogenesis and Reactivation of Persistent Chlamydia trachomatis Requires Host Cell Sphingolipid Biosynthesis, PLoS Pathogens, vol.31, issue.11, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000664.g006

V. Lievin-le-moal and P. M. Loiseau, hijacking of the macrophage intracellular compartments, FEBS Journal, vol.107, issue.4, pp.598-607, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/qjmed/hct116

F. Real and R. A. Mortara, The Diverse and Dynamic Nature of Leishmania Parasitophorous Vacuoles Studied by Multidimensional Imaging, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.240, issue.10, 1518.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001518.s008

C. Marquer, Arf6 controls retromer traffic and intracellular cholesterol distribution via a phosphoinositide-based mechanism, Nature Communications, vol.9, p.11919, 2016.
DOI : 10.1038/nmeth.2075
URL : http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11919.pdf

I. J. White, L. M. Bailey, M. R. Aghakhani, S. E. Moss, and C. E. Futter, EGF stimulates annexin 1-dependent inward vesiculation in a multivesicular endosome subpopulation, The EMBO Journal, vol.278, issue.1, pp.1-127600759, 2006.
DOI : 10.1091/mbc.7.9.1359

W. Dai, Antiviral effects of Retro-2 cycl and Retro-2.1 against Enterovirus 71 in??vitro and in??vivo, Antiviral Research, vol.144, pp.311-321, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.001

D. W. Carney, Structural optimization of a retrograde trafficking inhibitor that protects cells from infections by human polyoma- and papillomaviruses, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol.22, issue.17, pp.4836-4847, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.053

W. L. Davies, Antiviral Activity of 1-Adamantanamine (Amantadine), Science, vol.144, issue.3620, pp.862-863862, 1964.
DOI : 10.1126/science.144.3620.862

B. Martin, T. Hoenen, B. Canard, and E. Decroly, Filovirus proteins for antiviral drug discovery: A structure/function analysis of surface glycoproteins and virus entry, Antiviral Research, vol.135, pp.1-14, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.09.001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01439094

L. E. Piccini, V. Castilla, and E. B. Damonte, Dengue-3 Virus Entry into Vero Cells: Role of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis in the Outcome of Infection, PLOS ONE, vol.6, issue.Suppl. 3, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0140824.s004

E. Bernard, Endocytosis of Chikungunya Virus into Mammalian Cells: Role of Clathrin and Early Endosomal Compartments, PLoS ONE, vol.324, issue.2, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0011479.s002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00503829

T. E. Hoornweg, ABSTRACT, Journal of Virology, vol.90, issue.9, pp.4745-475603184, 2016.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.03184-15

J. Gruenberg and F. G. Van-der-goot, Mechanisms of pathogen entry through the endosomal compartments, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.59, issue.7, pp.495-504, 2006.
DOI : 10.1152/physiol.00011.2005

J. Gruenberg, The endocytic pathway: a mosaic of domains, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.108, issue.10, pp.721-73035096054, 2001.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.108.4.1301

M. Alenquer and M. J. Amorim, Exosome Biogenesis, Regulation, and Function in Viral Infection, Viruses, vol.18, issue.9, pp.5066-5083, 2015.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.01310-13

K. Sobo, Late Endosomal Cholesterol Accumulation Leads to Impaired Intra-Endosomal Trafficking, PLoS ONE, vol.109, issue.9, p.8510000851, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0000851.g009
URL : https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000851

W. L. Beatty, Late Endocytic Multivesicular Bodies Intersect the Chlamydial Inclusion in the Absence of CD63, Infection and Immunity, vol.76, issue.7, pp.2872-288100129, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00129-08

P. A. Vanlandingham and B. P. Ceresa, Rab7 Regulates Late Endocytic Trafficking Downstream of Multivesicular Body Biogenesis and Cargo Sequestration, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.4, issue.18, pp.12110-12124, 2009.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.01370

M. K. Poh, U18666A, an intra-cellular cholesterol transport inhibitor, inhibits dengue virus entry and replication, Antiviral Research, vol.93, issue.1, pp.191-198, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.11.014

M. Cote, Small molecule inhibitors reveal Niemann???Pick C1 is essential for Ebola virus infection, Nature, vol.30, issue.7364, pp.344-348, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcv.2003.09.004

H. Genth, strain vpi9048: molecular characterization and comparative analysis of substrate specificity of the large clostridial glucosylating toxins, Cellular Microbiology, vol.12, issue.11, pp.1706-172112321, 2014.
DOI : 10.1021/pr300973q

M. Rolando, Transcriptome dysregulation by anthrax lethal toxin plays a key role in induction of human endothelial cell cytotoxicity, Cellular Microbiology, vol.39, issue.21, pp.891-905, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62496-0

I. Member, ANR-10-INBS-04?01) and the Labex Saclay Plant Science " (ANR-11-IDEX-0003?02) This work was also supported by U.S. National Institutes of Health and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases grant R01AI063513; Defense Threat Reduction Agency grant HDTRA1?12?1?0002; and the Douglass and Ewing Halsell Foundations, Work on Simkania and Chlamydia was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Priority programme 1580 to T.R. SIMOPRO and SCBM are members of the Laboratory of Excellence LERMIT supported by a grant from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-LABX-33) and RetroLeishma project R3