N. M. Alto, F. Shao, C. S. Lazar, R. L. Brost, G. Chua et al., Identification of a Bacterial Type III Effector Family with G Protein Mimicry Functions, Cell, vol.124, issue.1, pp.133-145, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.031

A. Y. Amerik and M. Hochstrasser, Mechanism and function of deubiquitinating enzymes, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, vol.1695, issue.1-3, pp.189-207, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.10.003
URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.10.003

H. C. Ardley, R. , and P. A. , E3 ubiquitin ligases, Essays In Biochemistry, vol.41, pp.15-30, 2005.
DOI : 10.1042/bse0410015

H. Ashida, T. Toyotome, T. Nagai, and C. Sasakawa, Shigella chromosomal IpaH proteins are secreted via the type III secretion system and act as effectors, Molecular Microbiology, vol.314, issue.3, pp.680-693, 2007.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4709

S. Beaudenon, A. Dastur, and J. M. Huibregtse, Expression and Assay of HECT Domain Ligases, Methods Enzymol, vol.398, pp.112-125, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0076-6879(05)98011-7

A. Breitkreutz, L. Boucher, and M. Tyers, MAPK specificity in the yeast pheromone response independent of transcriptional activation, Current Biology, vol.11, issue.16, pp.1266-1271, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00370-0

G. M. Cole, D. E. Stone, R. , and S. I. , Stoichiometry of G protein subunits affects the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating pheromone signal transduction pathway., Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.10, issue.2, pp.510-517, 1990.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.10.2.510

B. Demers, P. J. Sansonetti, and C. Parsot, Induction of type III secretion in Shigella flexneri is associated with differential control of transcription of genes encoding secreted proteins, The EMBO Journal, vol.17, issue.10, pp.2894-2903, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.10.2894

H. G. Dohlman, D. Apaniesk, Y. Chen, J. Song, and D. Nusskern, Inhibition of G-protein signaling by dominant gain-of-function mutations in Sst2p, a pheromone desensitization factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae., Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.15, issue.7, pp.3635-3643, 1995.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.15.7.3635

. Sst2, a negative regulator of pheromone signaling in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Expression, localization, and genetic interaction and physical association with Gpa1 (the G-protein alpha subunit), Mol. Cell. Biol, vol.16, pp.5194-5209

M. Evangelista, K. Blundell, M. S. Longtine, C. J. Chow, N. Adames et al., Bni1p, a Yeast Formin Linking Cdc42p and the Actin Cytoskeleton During Polarized Morphogenesis, Science, vol.276, issue.5309, pp.118-122, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.276.5309.118

J. E. Galan, C. , and P. , Host???pathogen interactions: a diversity of themes, a variety of molecular machines, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.1-3, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mib.2004.12.015

M. Udvardy, A. Mann, and C. , Cell Host & Microbe IpaH Family Members Are E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Ghislain S. cerevisiae 26S protease mutants arrest cell division in G2/metaphase, 82 Cell Host & Microbe 1, pp.77-83, 1993.

A. Haraga and S. I. Miller, A Salmonella type III secretion effector interacts with the mammalian serine/threonine protein kinase PKN1, Cellular Microbiology, vol.133, issue.5, pp.837-846, 2006.
DOI : 10.1096/fj.04-1570hyp

G. A. Hoffman, T. R. Garrison, and H. G. Dohlman, Analysis of RGS Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Methods Enzymol, vol.344, pp.617-631, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0076-6879(02)44744-1

N. Proteins, Role in host-microbial interactions and inflammatory disease, Annu. Rev. Biochem, vol.74, pp.355-383

R. Janjusevic, R. B. Abramovitch, G. B. Martin, and C. E. Stebbins, A Bacterial Inhibitor of Host Programmed Cell Death Defenses Is an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, Science, vol.311, issue.5758, pp.222-226, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1120131

D. W. Kim, G. Lenzen, A. L. Page, P. Legrain, P. J. Sansonetti et al., The Shigella flexneri effector OspG interferes with innate immune responses by targeting ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.392, issue.6673, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/32588

D. H. Lee and A. L. Goldberg, Proteasome inhibitors: valuable new tools for cell biologists, Trends in Cell Biology, vol.8, issue.10, pp.397-403, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0962-8924(98)01346-4

Y. C. Liu, Ubiquitin Ligases and the Immune Response, Annual Review of Immunology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.81-127, 2004.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104813

M. Mavris, A. L. Page, R. Tournebize, B. Demers, P. Sansonetti et al., Regulation of transcription by the activity of the Shigella flexneri type III secretion apparatus, Molecular Microbiology, vol.43, issue.6, pp.1543-1553, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/9781555818173.ch8

C. Mcdonald, P. O. Vacratsis, J. B. Bliska, and J. E. Dixon, The Yersinia Virulence Factor YopM Forms a Novel Protein Complex with Two Cellular Kinases, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.20, pp.18514-18523, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M301226200

R. Menard, P. Sansonetti, and C. Parsot, The secretion of the Shigella flexneri Ipa invasins is activated by epithelial cells and controlled by IpaB and IpaD, EMBO J, vol.13, pp.5293-5302, 1994.

K. Nomura, S. Debroy, Y. H. Lee, N. Pumplin, J. Jones et al., A Bacterial Virulence Protein Suppresses Host Innate Immunity to Cause Plant Disease, Science, vol.313, issue.5784, pp.220-223, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1129523

C. Parsot, pathogenicity factors, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.252, issue.1, pp.11-18, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.08.046

C. Penno, P. Sansonetti, and C. Parsot, Frameshifting by transcriptional slippage is involved in production of MxiE, the transcription activator regulated by the activity of the type III secretion apparatus in Shigella flexneri, Molecular Microbiology, vol.18, issue.1, pp.204-214, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.176.22.6842-6851.1994

M. Scheffner, U. Nuber, and J. M. Huibregtse, Protein ubiquitination involving an E1?E2?E3 enzyme ubiquitin thioester cascade, Nature, vol.373, issue.6509, pp.81-83, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/373081a0

B. J. Stevenson, N. Rhodes, B. Errede, G. F. Sprague, and . Jr, Constitutive mutants of the protein kinase STE11 activate the yeast pheromone response pathway in the absence of the G protein., Genes & Development, vol.6, issue.7, pp.1293-1304, 1992.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.6.7.1293

R. H. Valdivia, Modeling the Function of Bacterial Virulence Factors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.3, issue.4, pp.827-834, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.3.4.827-834.2004

Y. Wang, Q. Ge, D. Houston, J. Thorner, B. Errede et al., Regulation of Ste7 Ubiquitination by Ste11 Phosphorylation and the Skp1-Cullin-F-box Complex, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.25, pp.22284-22289, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M301272200

F. Yang, J. Yang, X. Zhang, L. Chen, Y. Jiang et al., Genome dynamics and diversity of Shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.33, issue.19, pp.6445-6458, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gki954

Y. Zhang, W. M. Higashide, B. A. Mccormick, J. Chen, and D. Zhou, The inflammation-associated Salmonella SopA is a HECT-like E3 ubiquitin ligase, Molecular Microbiology, vol.67, issue.3, pp.786-793, 2006.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M506309200