C. J. Rosado, A. M. Buckle, R. H. Law, R. E. Butcher, W. T. Kan et al., A Common Fold Mediates Vertebrate Defense and Bacterial Attack, Science, vol.381, issue.6580, pp.1548-1551, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/381335a0

C. J. Rosado, S. Kondos, T. E. Bull, M. J. Kuiper, R. H. Law et al., The MACPF/CDC family of pore-forming toxins, Cellular Microbiology, vol.272, issue.9, pp.1765-1774, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03647.x

K. S. Giddings, A. E. Johnson, and R. K. Tweten, Redefining cholesterol's role in the mechanism of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.28, issue.22, pp.11315-11320, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/bi00448a036

K. S. Giddings, J. Zhao, P. J. Sims, and R. K. Tweten, Human CD59 is a receptor for the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin intermedilysin, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, vol.227, issue.12, pp.1173-1178, 2004.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.185.3.507

R. K. Tweten, Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins, a Family of Versatile Pore-Forming Toxins, Infection and Immunity, vol.73, issue.10, pp.6199-6209, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.73.10.6199-6209.2005

J. Rossjohn, S. C. Feil, W. J. Mckinstry, R. K. Tweten, and M. W. Parker, Structure of a Cholesterol-Binding, Thiol-Activated Cytolysin and a Model of Its Membrane Form, Cell, vol.89, issue.5, pp.685-692, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80251-2

G. Polekhina, K. S. Giddings, R. K. Tweten, and M. W. Parker, Insights into the action of the superfamily of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins from studies of intermedilysin, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.55, issue.Pt 4, pp.600-605, 2005.
DOI : 10.1107/S0907444998017363

D. M. Czajkowsky, E. M. Hotze, Z. Shao, and R. K. Tweten, Vertical collapse of a cytolysin prepore moves its transmembrane ?-hairpins to the membrane, The EMBO Journal, vol.267, issue.16, pp.3206-3215, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0079-6107(00)00014-6

C. L. Ross and T. M. Koehler, plcR papR-Independent Expression of Anthrolysin O by Bacillus anthracis, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.188, issue.22, pp.7823-7829, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00525-06

J. G. Shannon, C. L. Ross, T. M. Koehler, and R. F. Rest, Characterization of Anthrolysin O, the Bacillus anthracis Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysin, Infection and Immunity, vol.71, issue.6, pp.3183-3189, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.71.6.3183-3189.2003

F. A. Drobniewski, Bacillus cereus and related species., Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.6, issue.4, pp.324-338, 1993.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.6.4.324

URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358292/pdf

M. Mock and T. Mignot, Anthrax toxins and the host: a story of intimacy, Cellular Microbiology, vol.63, issue.1, pp.15-23, 2003.
DOI : 10.1042/bj0630437

J. M. Park, V. H. Ng, S. Maeda, R. F. Rest, K. et al., Anthrolysin O and Other Gram-positive Cytolysins Are Toll-like Receptor 4 Agonists, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.163, issue.12, pp.1647-1655, 2004.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.175.6.1531

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2211988

T. Chitlaru, O. Gat, Y. Gozlan, N. Ariel, and A. Shafferman, Differential Proteomic Analysis of the Bacillus anthracis Secretome: Distinct Plasmid and Chromosome CO2-Dependent Cross Talk Mechanisms Modulate Extracellular Proteolytic Activities, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.188, issue.10, pp.3551-3571, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.188.10.3551-3571.2006

N. S. Duesbery, C. P. Webb, S. H. Leppla, V. M. Gordon, K. R. Klimpel et al., Proteolytic Inactivation of MAP-Kinase-Kinase by Anthrax Lethal Factor, Science, vol.280, issue.5364, pp.734-737, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.280.5364.734

S. H. Leppla, Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.79, issue.10, pp.3162-3166, 1982.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.79.10.3162

S. R. Paccani, F. Tonello, R. Ghittoni, M. Natale, L. Muraro et al., Anthrax toxins suppress T lymphocyte activation by disrupting antigen receptor signaling, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.26, issue.3, pp.325-331, 2005.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M007854200

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213032

P. Kumar, N. Ahuja, and R. Bhatnagar, Anthrax Edema Toxin Requires Influx of Calcium for Inducing Cyclic AMP Toxicity in Target Cells, Infection and Immunity, vol.70, issue.9, pp.4997-5007, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.70.9.4997-5007.2002

J. N. Tournier, A. Quesnel-hellmann, J. Mathieu, C. Montecucco, W. J. Tang et al., Anthrax Edema Toxin Cooperates with Lethal Toxin to Impair Cytokine Secretion during Infection of Dendritic Cells, The Journal of Immunology, vol.174, issue.8, pp.4934-4941, 2005.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4934

B. Raymond, D. Leduc, L. Ravaux, R. L. Goffic, T. Candela et al., Edema Toxin Impairs Anthracidal Phospholipase A2 Expression by Alveolar Macrophages, PLoS Pathogens, vol.368, issue.12, p.187, 2007.
DOI : 0264-6021(2002)368[0415:TROTRT]2.0.CO;2

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00317899

B. J. Heffernan, B. Thomason, A. Herring-palmer, H. , and P. , Bacillus anthracis anthrolysin O and three phospholipases C are functionally redundant in a murine model of inhalation anthrax, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.271, issue.1, pp.98-105, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00713.x

T. C. Dixon, M. Meselson, J. Guillemin, H. , and P. C. , Anthrax, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.341, issue.11, pp.815-826, 1999.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199909093411107

T. V. Inglesby, T. O-'toole, D. A. Henderson, J. G. Bartlett, M. S. Ascher et al., Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, 2002, JAMA, vol.287, issue.17, pp.2236-2252, 2002.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.287.17.2236

M. E. Beatty, D. A. Ashford, P. M. Griffin, R. V. Tauxe, and J. Sobel, Gastrointestinal Anthrax, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.163, issue.20, pp.2527-2531, 2003.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.163.20.2527

T. V. Inglesby, D. A. Henderson, J. G. Bartlett, M. S. Ascher, E. Eitzen et al., Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, JAMA, vol.281, issue.18, pp.1735-1745, 1999.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.281.18.1735

I. J. Glomski, A. Piris-gimenez, M. Huerre, M. Mock, and P. L. Goossens, Primary Involvement of Pharynx and Peyer's Patch in Inhalational and Intestinal Anthrax, PLoS Pathogens, vol.2, issue.6, p.76, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030076.sg001

R. D. Berg, Bacterial Translocation from the Gastrointestinal Tract, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol, vol.473, pp.11-30, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-4143-1_2

X. Wu, T. K. Zagranichnaya, G. T. Gurda, E. M. Eves, and M. L. Villereal, A TRPC1/TRPC3-mediated Increase in Store-operated Calcium Entry Is Required for Differentiation of H19-7 Hippocampal Neuronal Cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.279, issue.42, pp.43392-43402, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M408959200

Z. Otwinowski and W. Minor, [20] Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode, Methods Enzymol, vol.276, pp.307-326, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0076-6879(97)76066-X

B. Qian, S. Raman, R. Das, P. Bradley, A. J. Mccoy et al., High-resolution structure prediction and the crystallographic phase problem, Nature, vol.97, issue.7167, pp.259-264, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nature06249

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2504711

G. N. Murshudov, A. A. Vagin, and E. J. Dodson, Refinement of Macromolecular Structures by the Maximum-Likelihood Method, Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, vol.53, issue.3, pp.240-255, 1997.
DOI : 10.1107/S0907444996012255

P. Emsley and K. Cowtan, : model-building tools for molecular graphics, Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, vol.60, issue.12, pp.2126-2132, 2004.
DOI : 10.1107/S0907444904019158

P. D. Adams, R. W. Grosse-kunstleve, L. W. Hung, T. R. Ioerger, A. J. Mc-coy et al., : building new software for automated crystallographic structure determination, Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, vol.58, issue.11, pp.1948-1954, 2002.
DOI : 10.1107/S0907444902016657

S. C. Lovell, I. W. Davis, W. B. Arendall, . Iii, P. I. De-bakker et al., Structure validation by C? geometry: ?,? and C? deviation, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, vol.320, issue.3, pp.437-450, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/prot.1

A. T. Brunger, P. D. Adams, G. M. Clore, W. L. Delano, P. Gros et al., Crystallography & NMR System: A New Software Suite for Macromolecular Structure Determination, Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, vol.54, issue.5, pp.905-921, 1998.
DOI : 10.1107/S0907444998003254

P. Schuck, Size-Distribution Analysis of Macromolecules by Sedimentation Velocity Ultracentrifugation and Lamm Equation Modeling, Biophysical Journal, vol.78, issue.3, pp.1606-1619, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76713-0

K. Tsuchiya, I. Kawamura, A. Takahashi, T. Nomura, C. Kohda et al., Listeriolysin O-Induced Membrane Permeation Mediates Persistent Interleukin-6 Production in Caco-2 Cells during Listeria monocytogenes Infection In Vitro, Infection and Immunity, vol.73, issue.7, pp.3869-3877, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.73.7.3869-3877.2005

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1168588

L. Gonzalez-mariscal, R. Tapia, C. , and D. , Crosstalk of tight junction components with signaling pathways, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1778, issue.3, pp.729-756, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.08.018

M. J. Rutten, J. N. Cogburn, C. S. Schasteen, and T. Solomon, Physiological and Cytotoxic Effects of Ca<sup>2+</sup> Ionophores on Caco-2 Paracellular Permeability: Relationship of 45Ca<sup>2+</sup> Efflux to <sup>51</sup>Cr Release, Pharmacology, vol.42, issue.3, pp.156-168, 1991.
DOI : 10.1159/000138793

S. Dramsi, C. , and P. , Listeriolysin O-Mediated Calcium Influx Potentiates Entry of Listeria monocytogenes into the Human Hep-2 Epithelial Cell Line, Infection and Immunity, vol.71, issue.6, pp.3614-3618, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.71.6.3614-3618.2003

D. H. Lee and A. L. Goldberg, Proteasome inhibitors: valuable new tools for cell biologists, Trends in Cell Biology, vol.8, issue.10, pp.397-403, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0962-8924(98)01346-4

R. J. Gilbert, J. Rossjohn, M. W. Parker, R. K. Tweten, P. J. Morgan et al., Self-interaction of pneumolysin, the pore-forming protein toxin of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.284, issue.4, pp.1223-1237, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2258

A. S. Solovyova, M. Nöllmann, T. J. Mitchell, B. , and O. , The Solution Structure and Oligomerization Behavior of Two Bacterial Toxins: Pneumolysin and Perfringolysin O, Biophysical Journal, vol.87, issue.1, pp.540-552, 2004.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.104.039974

R. J. Gilbert, Inactivation and Activity of Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins: What Structural Studies Tell Us, Structure, vol.13, issue.8, pp.1097-1106, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.str.2005.04.019

URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2005.04.019

M. Iwamoto, Y. Ohno-iwashita, and S. Ando, Effect of isolated C-terminal fragment of theta-toxin (perfringolysin O) on toxin assembly and membrane lysis, European Journal of Biochemistry, vol.54, issue.1, pp.25-31, 1990.
DOI : 10.1139/o59-099

S. J. Tilley, E. V. Orlova, R. J. Gilbert, P. W. Andrew, and H. R. Saibil, Structural Basis of Pore Formation by the Bacterial Toxin Pneumolysin, Cell, vol.121, issue.2, pp.247-256, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.033

M. J. Berridge, M. D. Bootman, R. , and H. L. , Calcium: Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.4, issue.7, pp.517-529, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nrm1155

D. Yu, T. , and J. R. , Stimulus-induced reorganization of tight junction structure: The role of membrane traffic, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1778, issue.3, pp.709-716, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.07.027

L. L. Mitic, A. , and J. M. , MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE OF TIGHT JUNCTIONS, Annual Review of Physiology, vol.60, issue.1, pp.121-142, 1998.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.121

T. Y. Ma, D. Tran, N. Hoa, D. Nguyen, M. Merryfield et al., Mechanism of extracellular calcium regulation of intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability: Role of cytoskeletal involvement, Microscopy Research and Technique, vol.108, issue.2, pp.156-168, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90638-S

J. Rossjohn, G. Polekhina, S. C. Feil, C. J. Morton, R. K. Tweten et al., Structures of Perfringolysin O Suggest a Pathway for Activation of Cholesterol-dependent Cytolysins, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.367, issue.5, pp.1227-1236, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.01.042

C. E. Soltani, E. M. Hotze, A. E. Johnson, and R. K. Tweten, Structural elements of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins that are responsible for their cholesterol-sensitive membrane interactions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.14, issue.1, pp.20226-20231, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/0263-7855(96)00018-5

C. E. Soltani, E. M. Hotze, A. E. Johnson, and R. K. Tweten, Specific Protein-Membrane Contacts Are Required for Prepore and Pore Assembly by a Cholesterol-dependent Cytolysin, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.282, issue.21, pp.15709-15716, 2007.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M701173200

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746338

R. Ramachandran, R. K. Tweten, J. , and A. E. , Membrane-dependent conformational changes initiate cholesterol-dependent cytolysin oligomerization and intersubunit ?-strand alignment, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, vol.73, issue.8, pp.697-705, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0076-6879(97)77028-9

A. P. Heuck, E. M. Hotze, R. K. Tweten, J. , and A. E. , Mechanism of Membrane Insertion of a Multimeric ?-Barrel Protein, Molecular Cell, vol.6, issue.5, pp.1233-1242, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)00119-2

O. Shatursky, A. P. Heuck, L. A. Shepard, J. Rossjohn, M. W. Parker et al., The Mechanism of Membrane Insertion for a Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysin, Cell, vol.99, issue.3, pp.293-299, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81660-8

D. M. Guttmann and D. J. Ellar, virulence factors, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.188, issue.1, pp.7-13, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09160.x

R. A. Laskowski, M. W. Macarthur, D. S. Moss, T. , and J. M. , PROCHECK: a program to check the stereochemical quality of protein structures, Journal of Applied Crystallography, vol.26, issue.2, pp.283-291, 1993.
DOI : 10.1107/S0021889892009944