A. Adato, V. Michel, Y. Kikkawa, J. Reiners, K. N. Alagramam et al., Interactions in the network of Usher syndrome type 1 proteins, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.14, issue.3, pp.347-356, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/ddi031

Z. M. Ahmed, S. Riazuddin, S. L. Bernstein, Z. Ahmed, S. Khan et al., Mutations of the Protocadherin Gene PCDH15 Cause Usher Syndrome Type 1F, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.69, issue.1, pp.25-34, 2001.
DOI : 10.1086/321277

K. N. Alagramam, H. Yuan, M. H. Kuehn, C. L. Murcia, S. Wayne et al., Mutations in the novel protocadherin PCDH15 cause Usher syndrome type 1F, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.10, issue.16, pp.1709-1718, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/10.16.1709

K. N. Alagramam, N. D. Miller, N. D. Adappa, D. R. Pitts, J. C. Heaphy et al., Promoter, alternative splice forms, and genomic structure of protocadherin 15, Genomics, vol.90, issue.4, pp.482-492, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.06.007

A. Bahloul, V. Michel, J. P. Hardelin, S. Nouaille, S. Hoos et al., Cadherin-23, myosin VIIa and harmonin, encoded by Usher syndrome type I genes, form a ternary complex and interact with membrane phospholipids, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.19, issue.18, pp.3557-3565, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/ddq271

C. Bibb and R. W. Young, RENEWAL OF FATTY ACIDS IN THE MEMBRANES OF VISUAL CELL OUTER SEGMENTS, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.61, issue.2, pp.327-343, 1974.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.61.2.327

M. Bitner-glindzicz, K. J. Lindley, P. Rutland, D. Blaydon, V. V. Smith et al., A recessive contiguous gene deletion causing infantile hyperinsulinism, enteropathy and deafness identifies the Usher type 1C gene, Nature Genetics, vol.26, issue.1, pp.56-6079178, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/79178

B. Boëda, A. El-amraoui, A. Bahloul, R. Goodyear, L. Daviet et al., Myosin VIIa, harmonin and cadherin 23, three Usher I gene products that cooperate to shape the sensory hair cell bundle, The EMBO Journal, vol.21, issue.24, pp.6689-6699, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/cdf689

K. Boesze-battaglia and A. F. Goldberg, Photoreceptor renewal: A role for peripherin/rds, Int. Rev. Cytol, vol.217, issue.02, pp.183-225, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0074-7696(02)17015-X

H. Bolz, A. Brederlow, E. C. Ramírez, K. Bryda, H. G. Kutsche et al., Mutation of CDH23, encoding a new member of the cadherin gene family, causes Usher syndrome type 1D, Nat. Genet, vol.27, pp.108-112, 2001.

V. L. Bonilha, S. C. Finnemann, and E. Rodriguez-boulan, Ezrin Promotes Morphogenesis of Apical Microvilli and Basal Infoldings in Retinal Pigment Epithelium, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.265, issue.7, pp.1533-1548, 1999.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.145.7.1497

J. M. Bork, L. M. Peters, S. Riazuddin, S. L. Bernstein, Z. M. Ahmed et al., Usher Syndrome 1D and Nonsyndromic Autosomal Recessive Deafness DFNB12 Are Caused by Allelic Mutations of the Novel Cadherin-Like Gene CDH23, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.68, issue.1, pp.26-37316954, 2001.
DOI : 10.1086/316954

E. Caberlotto, V. Michel, J. B. De-monvel, and C. Petit, Coupling of the mechanotransduction machinery and stereocilia F-actin polymerization in the cochlear hair bundles, BioArchitecture, vol.3, issue.4, pp.169-174, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00424-009-0711-x

W. S. Chang and W. A. Harris, Sequential genesis and determination of cone and rod photoreceptors in Xenopus, 3<227::AID-NEU1>3.0.CO, pp.227-2441097, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(19980605)35:3<227::AID-NEU1>3.3.CO;2-H

A. I. Cohen, VERTEBRATE RETINAL CELLS AND THEIR ORGANIZATION, Biological Reviews, vol.16, issue.4, pp.427-459, 1963.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.17.2.279

J. M. Corless, Cone Outer Segments: A Biophysical Model of Membrane Dynamics, Shape Retention, and Lamella Formation, Biophysical Journal, vol.102, issue.12, pp.2697-2705, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.04.052

S. W. Crawley, D. A. Shifrin-jr, N. E. Grega-larson, R. E. Mcconnell, A. E. Benesh et al., Intestinal Brush Border Assembly Driven by Protocadherin-Based Intermicrovillar Adhesion, Cell, vol.157, issue.2, pp.433-446, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.067
URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.067

S. W. Crawley, M. L. Weck, N. E. Grega-larson, D. A. Shifrin-jr, and M. J. Tyska, ANKS4B Is Essential for Intermicrovillar Adhesion Complex Formation, Developmental Cell, vol.36, issue.2, pp.190-200, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.12.022
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730382

A. C. Dosé, D. W. Hillman, C. Wong, L. Sohlberg, J. Lin-jones et al., Myo3A, One of Two Class III Myosin Genes Expressed in Vertebrate Retina, Is Localized to the Calycal Processes of Rod and Cone Photoreceptors and Is Expressed in the Sacculus, Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol.14, issue.3, pp.1058-1073, 2003.
DOI : 10.1091/mbc.E02-06-0317

M. S. Eckmiller, Morphogenesis and renewal of cone outer segments, Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, vol.16, issue.3, pp.401-441, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S1350-9462(96)00026-2

M. S. Eckmiller, Microtubules in a rod-specific cytoskeleton associated with outer segment incisures, Visual Neuroscience, vol.17, issue.5, pp.711-722, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/S0952523800175054

M. S. Eckmiller, Defective cone photoreceptor cytoskeleton, alignment, feedback, and energetics can lead to energy depletion in macular degeneration, Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, vol.23, issue.5, pp.495-522, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.04.005

A. El-amraoui and C. Petit, The retinal phenotype of Usher syndrome: Pathophysiological insights from animal models, Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol.337, issue.3, pp.167-177, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.12.004

L. S. Evans, N. S. Peachey, and A. L. Marchese, Comparison of three methods of estimating the parameters of the Naka-Rushton equation, Documenta Ophthalmologica, vol.8, issue.1, pp.19-30, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01203279

R. Flores-guevara, F. Renault, N. Loundon, S. Marlin, B. Pelosse et al., Usher syndrome type 1: Early detection of electroretinographic changes, European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, vol.13, issue.6, pp.505-507, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.10.002

D. N. Furness and C. M. Hackney, Cross-links between stereocilia in the guinea pig cochlea, Hearing Research, vol.18, issue.2, pp.177-1880378, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-5955(85)90010-3

J. E. Gale, W. Marcotti, H. J. Kennedy, C. J. Kros, and G. P. Richardson, FM1-43 dye behaves as a permeant blocker of the hair-cell mechanotransducer channel, J. Neurosci, vol.21, pp.7013-7025, 2001.

P. G. Germroth, R. G. Gourdie, and R. P. Thompson, Confocal microscopy of thick sections from acrylamide gel embedded embryos, Microscopy Research and Technique, vol.232, issue.6, pp.513-520, 1995.
DOI : 10.1002/jemt.1070300608

P. G. Gillespie and J. L. Cyr, Myosin-1c, the Hair Cell's Adaptation Motor, Annual Review of Physiology, vol.66, issue.1, pp.521-545, 2004.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.112842

A. F. Goldberg, Role of Peripherin/rds in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Architecture and Inherited Retinal Degenerations, Int. Rev. Cytol, vol.253, issue.06, pp.131-175, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0074-7696(06)53004-9

R. J. Goodyear, A. Forge, P. K. Legan, and G. P. Richardson, Asymmetric distribution of cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15 in the kinocilial links of avian sensory hair cells, The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol.456, issue.21, pp.4288-4297, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/cne.22456

T. Hanaichi, T. Sato, T. Iwamoto, J. Malavasi-yamashiro, M. Hoshino et al., A stable lead by modification of Sato's method, 1986.

N. Hirsch, L. B. Zimmerman, and R. M. Grainger, Xenopus, the next generation:X. Tropicalis genetics and genomics, Developmental Dynamics, vol.139, issue.4, pp.422-433, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/dvdy.10178

J. G. Hollyfield and P. Witkovsky, Pigmented retinal epithelium involvement in photoreceptor development and function, Journal of Experimental Zoology, vol.34, issue.3, pp.357-377, 1974.
DOI : 10.1002/jez.1401890309

A. A. Indzhykulian, R. Stepanyan, A. Nelina, K. J. Spinelli, Z. M. Ahmed et al., Molecular Remodeling of Tip Links Underlies Mechanosensory Regeneration in Auditory Hair Cells, PLoS Biology, vol.65, issue.7427, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001583.s008

C. James-zorn, V. G. Ponferrada, K. A. Burns, J. D. Fortriede, V. S. Lotay et al., Xenbase: Core features, data acquisition, and data processing, genesis, vol.20, issue.8, pp.486-497, 2015.
DOI : 10.1002/dvg.22873
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4545734

F. Jaramillo and A. J. Hudspeth, Displacement-clamp measurement of the forces exerted by gating springs in the hair bundle., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.1330-1334, 1993.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.90.4.1330

P. Kazmierczak, H. Sakaguchi, J. Tokita, E. M. Wilson-kubalek, R. A. Milligan et al., Cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15 interact to form tip-link filaments in sensory hair cells, Spatiotemporal pattern and isoforms of cadherin 23 in wild type and waltzer mice during inner ear hair cell development, pp.87-91, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/nature06091

J. Larraín, M. Oelgeschläger, N. I. Ketpura, B. Reversade, L. Zakin et al., Proteolytic cleavage of Chordin as a switch for the dual activities of Twisted gastrulation in BMP signaling, Development, vol.128, pp.4439-4447, 2001.

G. Lefèvre, V. Michel, D. Weil, L. Lepelletier, E. Bizard et al., A core cochlear phenotype in USH1 mouse mutants implicates fibrous links of the hair bundle in its cohesion, orientation and differential growth, Development, vol.135, issue.8, pp.1427-1437, 2008.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.012922

R. Maeda, K. S. Kindt, W. Mo, C. P. Morgan, T. Erickson et al., Tip-link protein protocadherin 15 interacts with transmembrane channel-like proteins TMC1 and TMC2, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.12907-12912, 2014.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5230-07.2008
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4156717

E. Malm, V. Ponjavic, C. Möller, W. J. Kimberling, and S. Andréasson, Phenotypes in Defined Genotypes Including Siblings with Usher Syndrome, Ophthalmic Genetics, vol.37, issue.10, pp.65-74, 2011.
DOI : 10.1167/iovs.03-0514

E. Malm, V. Ponjavic, C. Möller, W. J. Kimberling, E. S. Stone et al., Alteration of rod and cone function in children with Usher syndrome, European Journal of Ophthalmology, vol.21, issue.1, pp.30-38, 2011.
DOI : 10.5301/EJO.2010.5433

Y. Marcy, J. Prost, M. F. Carlier, and C. Sykes, Forces generated during actin-based propulsion: A direct measurement by micromanipulation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.5992-5997, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80331-5
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC395911

P. Mathur and J. Yang, Usher syndrome: Hearing loss, retinal degeneration and associated abnormalities, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, vol.1852, issue.3, pp.406-420, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.11.020
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312720

V. Michel, R. J. Goodyear, D. Weil, W. Marcotti, I. Perfettini et al., Cadherin 23 is a component of the transient lateral links in the developing hair bundles of cochlear sensory cells, Developmental Biology, vol.280, issue.2, pp.281-294, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.01.014

C. Miloudi, F. Rossant, I. Bloch, C. Chaumette, A. Leseigneur et al., The Negative Cone Mosaic: A New Manifestation of the Optical Stiles-Crawford Effect in Normal Eyes, Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science, vol.56, issue.12, pp.7043-705015, 2015.
DOI : 10.1167/iovs.15-17022

H. H. Mollenhauer, Plastic embedding mixtures for use in electron microscopy, Stain Technol, vol.39, pp.111-114, 1964.

C. Moreau-fauvarque, A. Kumanogoh, E. Camand, C. Jaillard, G. Barbin et al., The transmembrane semaphorin Sema4D/CD100, an inhibitor of axonal growth, is expressed on oligodendrocytes and upregulated after CNS lesion, J. Neurosci, vol.23, pp.9229-9239, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00080087

K. I. Naka, W. A. Rushton, M. , K. West, J. Huang et al., An attempt to analyse colour reception by electrophysiology Cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein interacts with ERM-binding phosphoprotein 50 in retinal pigment epithelium, J. Physiol. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci, vol.185, issue.45, pp.556-586393, 1966.

P. D. Nieuwkoop and J. Faber, Normal Table of Xenopus Laevis (Daudin), Copeia, vol.1958, issue.1, 1967.
DOI : 10.2307/1439568

E. Pepermans, V. Michel, R. Goodyear, C. Bonnet, S. Abdi et al., The CD2 isoform of protocadherin-15 is an essential component of the tip-link complex in mature auditory hair cells, EMBO Molecular Medicine, vol.6, issue.7, pp.984-992, 2014.
DOI : 10.15252/emmm.201403976
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01237053

J. Prost, C. Barbetta, and J. F. Joanny, Dynamical Control of the Shape and Size of Stereocilia and Microvilli, Biophysical Journal, vol.93, issue.4, pp.1124-1133, 2007.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.106.098038

J. Ren, L. Wen, X. Gao, C. Jin, Y. Xue et al., DOG 1.0: illustrator of protein domain structures, Cell Research, vol.396, issue.2, pp.271-273, 2009.
DOI : 10.1091/mbc.E06-09-0805

S. Riazuddin, I. A. Belyantseva, A. P. Giese, K. Lee, A. A. Indzhykulian et al., Alterations of the CIB2 calcium- and integrin-binding protein cause Usher syndrome type 1J and nonsyndromic deafness DFNB48, Nature Genetics, vol.128, issue.11, 2012.
DOI : 10.1186/1749-8104-6-20

G. P. Richardson, J. B. De-monvel, and C. Petit, How the Genetics of Deafness Illuminates Auditory Physiology, Annual Review of Physiology, vol.73, issue.1, pp.311-334, 2011.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142228

S. Safieddine, A. El-amraoui, and C. Petit, The Auditory Hair Cell Ribbon Synapse: From Assembly to Function, Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol.35, issue.1, pp.509-528, 2012.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113705

I. Sahly, E. Dufour, C. Schietroma, V. Michel, A. Bahloul et al., Localization of Usher 1 proteins to the photoreceptor calyceal processes, which are absent from mice, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.11, issue.2, pp.381-399, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00042-8
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00743698

C. Seiler, K. C. Finger-baier, O. Rinner, Y. V. Makhankov, H. Schwarz et al., Duplicated genes with split functions: independent roles of protocadherin15 orthologues in zebrafish hearing and vision, Development, vol.132, issue.3, pp.615-623, 2005.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.01591

J. Siemens, P. Kazmierczak, A. Reynolds, M. Sticker, A. Littlewood-evans et al., The Usher syndrome proteins cadherin 23 and harmonin form a complex by means of PDZ-domain interactions, Proc. Natl. Acad, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7569905

R. ?indelka, Z. Ferjentsik, and J. Jonák, Developmental expression profiles ofXenopus laevis reference genes, Developmental Dynamics, vol.67, issue.3, pp.754-758, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/dvdy.20665

F. S. Sjöstrand and L. G. Elfvin, Some observations on the structure of the retinal receptors of the toad eye as revealed by the electron microscope, Electron Microscopy: Proceedings of the Stockholm Conference, pp.194-234, 1956.

C. Söllner, G. J. Rauch, J. Siemens, R. Geisler, S. C. Schuster et al., Mutations in cadherin 23 affect tip links in zebrafish sensory hair cells, Nature, vol.428, issue.6986, pp.955-959128, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02484

R. H. Steinberg, S. K. Fisher, and D. H. Anderson, Disc morphogenesis in vertebrate photoreceptors, The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol.42, issue.3, pp.501-518, 1980.
DOI : 10.1002/cne.901900307

M. M. Stiemke, R. A. Landers, M. R. Ubaidi, M. E. Rayborn, and J. G. Hollyfield, Photoreceptor Outer Segment Development in Xenopus laevis: Influence of the Pigment Epithelium, Developmental Biology, vol.162, issue.1, pp.169-180, 1994.
DOI : 10.1006/dbio.1994.1076

M. W. Stuck, S. M. Conley, and M. I. Naash, PRPH2/RDS and ROM-1: Historical context, current views and future considerations, Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, vol.52, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.12.002

T. Szikra, S. Trenholm, A. Drinnenberg, J. Jüttner, Z. Raics et al., Rods in daylight act as relay cells for cone-driven horizontal cell?mediated surround inhibition, Nature Neuroscience, vol.19, issue.12, pp.1728-1735, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-0270(91)90017-T

S. Takahashi, V. J. Mui, S. K. Rosenberg, K. Homma, M. A. Cheatham et al., Cadherin 23-C Regulates Microtubule Networks by Modifying CAMSAP3???s Function, Scientific Reports, vol.12, issue.1, p.28706, 2016.
DOI : 10.1097/00001756-200107030-00032
URL : http://doi.org/10.1038/srep28706

E. Verpy, M. Leibovici, I. Zwaenepoel, X. Liu, A. Gal et al., A defect in harmonin, a PDZ domain-containing protein expressed in the inner ear sensory hair cells, underlies Usher syndrome type 1C, Nat. Genet, vol.26, pp.51-5579171, 2000.

S. Volland, L. C. Hughes, C. Kong, B. L. Burgess, K. A. Linberg et al., Three-dimensional organization of nascent rod outer segment disk membranes, Proc. Natl, 2015.
DOI : 10.1002/cne.902060204

D. Weil, A. El-amraoui, S. Masmoudi, M. Mustapha, Y. Kikkawa et al., Usher syndrome type I G (USH1G) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding SANS, a protein that associates with the USH1C protein, harmonin, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.12, issue.5, pp.463-471, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/ddg051

D. Well, S. Blanchard, J. Kaplan, P. Guilford, F. Gibson et al., Defective myosin VIIA gene responsible for Usher syndrome type IB, Nature, vol.374, issue.6517, pp.60-61, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/374060a0

D. S. Williams, Usher syndrome: Animal models, retinal function of Usher proteins, and prospects for gene therapy, Vision Research, vol.48, issue.3, pp.433-441, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.visres.2007.08.015

J. M. Wilson, R. M. Bunte, and A. J. Carty, Evaluation of rapid cooling and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) as methods of euthanasia in zebrafish (Danio rerio), J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci, vol.48, pp.785-789, 2009.

P. Witkovsky, Photoreceptor classes and transmission at the photoreceptor synapse in the retina of the clawed frog,Xenopus laevis, 5<338::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO, pp.338-3462, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-0029(20000901)50:5<338::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I

R. W. Young, THE RENEWAL OF PHOTORECEPTOR CELL OUTER SEGMENTS, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.33, issue.1, pp.61-72, 1967.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.33.1.61