A. N. Sanborn and N. Chater, Bayesian Brains without Probabilities, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol.20, issue.12, pp.883-893, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tics.2016.10.003
URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.10.003

D. Marr, Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information, 1982.
DOI : 10.7551/mitpress/9780262514620.001.0001

D. Campbell, ???Downward Causation??? in Hierarchically Organised Biological Systems, In Studies in the Philosophy of Biology, pp.179-186, 1974.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-349-01892-5_11

J. Changeux, A Theory of the Epigenesis of Neuronal Networks by Selective Stabilization of Synapses, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.70, issue.10, pp.2974-2978, 1973.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.70.10.2974

M. Morange, 2016) L'Homme Neuronal 30 ans après,Dialogue avec Jean-PierreChangeux, Rue d

G. Edelman, Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection, 1987.

G. Edelman, Second Nature: Brain Science and Human Knowledge, 2006.

J. Barkow, The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, 1992.

J. O. Campbell, Universal Darwinism As a Process of Bayesian Inference, Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, vol.5, issue.24, p.49, 2016.
DOI : 10.1038/nphys1202

I. F. Tsigelny, A hierarchical coherent-gene-group model for brain development, Genes, Brain and Behavior, vol.99, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.147-165, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/gbb.12005

S. Dehaene, A neuronal model of a global workspace in effortful cognitive tasks, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.95, issue.24, pp.14529-14534, 1998.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14529

S. Herculano-houzel, The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost, Proc. Natl. Sci. Acad. U. S. A. 109, pp.10661-10668, 2012.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1201895109

M. Gabi, No relative expansion of the number of prefrontal neurons in primate and human evolution, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.113, issue.34, pp.9617-9622, 2016.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1610178113

M. F. Glasser, The Human Connectome Project's neuroimaging approach, Nature Neuroscience, vol.27, issue.9, pp.1175-1187, 2016.
DOI : 10.1038/nn.4361

K. Semendeferi, Humans and great apes share a large frontal cortex, Nature Neuroscience, vol.5, issue.3, pp.272-276, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/nn814

J. B. Smaers, Frontal White Matter Volume Is Associated with Brain Enlargement and Higher Structural Connectivity in Anthropoid Primates, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.2, p.9123, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0009123.t003

G. N. Elston, Pyramidal cells in prefrontal cortex of primates: marked differences in neuronal structure among species, Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, vol.5, issue.2, 2011.
DOI : 10.3389/fnana.2011.00002

X. Liu, Extension of cortical synaptic development distinguishes humans from chimpanzees and macaques, Genome Research, vol.22, issue.4, 2012.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.127324.111

M. Somel, Human brain evolution: transcripts, metabolites and their regulators, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.328, issue.2, pp.112-127, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn3372
URL : http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-000E-FAFA-F

S. Paabo, The Human Condition???A Molecular Approach, Cell, vol.157, issue.1, pp.216-226, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.036

D. H. Geschwind and P. Rakic, Cortical Evolution: Judge the Brain by Its Cover, Neuron, vol.80, issue.3, pp.633-647, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.045

K. E. Langergraber, Generation times in wild chimpanzees and gorillas suggest earlier divergence times in great ape and human evolution, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.109, issue.39, pp.15716-15721, 2012.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1211740109

E. J. Vallender, Genetic basis of human brain evolution, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.31, issue.12, pp.637-644, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tins.2008.08.010

. Mclean, Human-specific loss of regulatory DNA and the evolution of human-specific traits, Nature, vol.7, issue.7337, pp.216-219, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nature09774

A. K. Holloway, Accelerated Evolution of Enhancer Hotspots in the Mammal Ancestor, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.33, issue.4, pp.1008-1018, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msv344

S. Weyer and S. Pääbo, Functional Analyses of Transcription Factor Binding Sites that Differ between Present-Day and Archaic Humans, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.33, issue.2, pp.316-322, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msv215

R. Plomin, Behavioral Genetics, 2013.

R. J. Greenspan, Selection, Gene Interaction, and Flexible Gene Networks, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol.74, issue.0, pp.131-138, 2009.
DOI : 10.1101/sqb.2009.74.029

G. Konopka, Human-Specific Transcriptional Networks in the Brain, Neuron, vol.75, issue.4, pp.601-617, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.034

N. N. Parikshak, Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.34, issue.8, pp.441-458, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts366

M. R. Johnson, Systems genetics identifies a convergent gene network for cognition and neurodevelopmental disease, Nature Neuroscience, vol.95, issue.2, pp.223-232, 2016.
DOI : 10.1038/nmeth0410-248

J. Monod and F. Jacob, General Conclusions: Teleonomic Mechanisms in Cellular Metabolism, Growth, and Differentiation, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol.26, issue.0, pp.389-401, 1961.
DOI : 10.1101/SQB.1961.026.01.048

R. J. Britten and E. H. Davidson, Gene Regulation for Higher Cells: A Theory, Science, vol.165, issue.3891, pp.349-357, 1969.
DOI : 10.1126/science.165.3891.349

W. Driever and C. Nüsslein-volhard, A gradient of bicoid protein in Drosophila embryos, Cell, vol.54, issue.1, pp.83-93, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90182-1

M. Kerszberg and J. Changeux, A model for reading morphogenetic gradients: autocatalysis and competition at the gene level., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.91, issue.13, pp.5823-5827, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.13.5823

M. Kerszberg and J. Changeux, A simple molecular model of neurulation, BioEssays, vol.25, issue.9, pp.758-770, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199809)20:9<758::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-C

M. Noll, Evolution and role of Pax genes, Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, vol.3, issue.4, pp.595-605, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0959-437X(93)90095-7

M. J. Thayer, Positive autoregulation of the myogenic determination gene MyoD1, Cell, vol.58, issue.2, pp.241-248, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90838-6

C. Walther and P. Gruss, Pax-6, a murine paired box gene, is expressed in the developing CNS, Development, vol.113, pp.1435-1449, 1991.

E. H. Davidson, Emerging properties of animal gene regulatory networks, Nature, vol.340, issue.7326, pp.911-920, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nature09645

E. B. Larson, Striatal regulation of ??FosB, FosB, and cFos during cocaine self-administration and withdrawal, Journal of Neurochemistry, vol.26, issue.1, pp.112-122, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06907.x

A. Prochiantz, D. Nardo, and A. A. , Homeoprotein Signaling in the Developing and Adult Nervous System, Neuron, vol.85, issue.5, pp.911-925, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.019

M. Kerszberg and L. Wolpert, Specifying Positional Information in the Embryo: Looking Beyond Morphogens, Cell, vol.130, issue.2, pp.205-209, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2007.06.038

J. D. Stead, Transcriptional Profiling of the Developing Rat Brain Reveals That the Most Dramatic Regional Differentiation in Gene Expression Occurs Postpartum, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.26, issue.1, pp.345-353, 2006.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2755-05.2006

M. Somel, MicroRNA, mRNA, and protein expression link development and aging in human and macaque brain, Genome Research, vol.20, issue.9, pp.1207-1218, 2010.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.106849.110

S. Fessele, Regulatory context is a crucial part of gene function, Trends in Genetics, vol.18, issue.2, pp.60-63, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02591-X

E. Segal, Module networks: identifying regulatory modules and their condition-specific regulators from gene expression data, Nature Genetics, vol.291, issue.2, pp.166-176, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/35057062

M. Baitaluk, IntegromeDB: an integrated system and biological search engine, BMC Genomics, vol.13, issue.1, p.35, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkq1027
URL : http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-35

S. K. Reilly, Evolutionary changes in promoter and enhancer activity during human corticogenesis, Science, vol.347, issue.6226, pp.1155-1159, 2015.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1260943

D. Emera, Origin and evolution of developmental enhancers in the mammalian neocortex, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.113, issue.19, pp.2617-2626, 2016.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1603718113

L. Kirsch and G. T. Chechik, On expression patterns and developmental origin of human brain regions From the genetic architecture to synaptic plasticity in autism spectrum disorder, PLoS Comput. Biol. Nat. Rev. Neurosci, vol.12, issue.16, pp.551-563, 2015.

T. R. Insel, Rethinking schizophrenia, Nature, vol.112, issue.7321, pp.187-193, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nature09552

I. J. Bakken, Comorbidities treated in primary care in children with chronic fatigue syndrome / myalgic encephalomyelitis: A nationwide registry linkage study from Norway, BMC Family Practice, vol.127, issue.29, p.128, 2016.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.2010-1147

H. Lagercrantz, The Newborn Brain, 2010.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511711848

F. Levinthal, Anatomy and Development of Identified Cells in Isogenic Organisms, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol.40, issue.0, pp.321-331, 1976.
DOI : 10.1101/SQB.1976.040.01.032

J. Lu, The Interscutularis Muscle Connectome, PLoS Biology, vol.58, issue.2, p.32, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000032.sg006

H. Steinmetz, Brain (A)Symmetry in Monozygotic Twins, Cerebral Cortex, vol.5, issue.4, pp.296-300, 1995.
DOI : 10.1093/cercor/5.4.296

T. White, Brain Volumes and Surface Morphology in Monozygotic Twins, Cerebral Cortex, vol.12, issue.5, pp.486-493, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/cercor/12.5.486

T. N. Wiesel and D. H. Hubel, Effects of visual deprivation on morphology and physiology of cells in the cats lateral geniculate body, J. Neurophysiol, vol.26, pp.978-993, 1963.

P. A. Redfern, Neuromuscular transmission in new-born rats, The Journal of Physiology, vol.209, issue.3, pp.701-709, 1970.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009187

P. Benoit and J. P. Changeux, Consequences of blocking the nerve with a local anaesthetic on the evolution of multiinnervation at the regenerating neuromuscular junction of the rat, Brain Research, vol.149, issue.1, pp.89-96, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90589-9

D. W. Stretavan, Modification of retinal ganglion cell axon morphology by prenatal infusion of tetrodotoxin, Nature, vol.336, issue.6198, pp.468-471, 1988.
DOI : 10.1038/336468a0

D. Purves and J. W. Lichtman, Elimination of synapses in the developing nervous system, Science, vol.210, issue.4466, pp.153-157, 1980.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7414326

L. Luo, O. Leary, and D. D. , AXON RETRACTION AND DEGENERATION IN DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE, Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol.28, issue.1, pp.127-156, 2005.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135632

G. Collin and M. P. Van-den-heuvel, The Ontogeny of the Human Connectome, The Neuroscientist, vol.107, issue.1, pp.616-628, 2013.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3539-11.2011

P. R. Huttenlocher and A. S. Dabholkar, Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex, The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol.28, issue.2, pp.167-178, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971020)387:2<167::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-Z

J. P. Bourgeois, Synaptogenesis, heterochrony and epigenesis in the mammalian neocortex, Acta Paediatrica, vol.5, issue.9, pp.27-33, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb18340.x

Z. Petanjek, Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.108, issue.32, pp.13281-13286, 2011.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1105108108

J. F. Werker and T. K. Hensch, Critical Periods in Speech Perception: New Directions, Annual Review of Psychology, vol.66, issue.1, pp.173-196, 2015.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015104

Z. J. Huang, BDNF Regulates the Maturation of Inhibition and the Critical Period of Plasticity in Mouse Visual Cortex, Cell, vol.98, issue.6, pp.739-755, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81509-3

D. Choquet and A. Triller, The Dynamic Synapse, Neuron, vol.80, issue.3, pp.691-703, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.013

A. M. Mabb and M. D. Ehlers, Ubiquitination in Postsynaptic Function and Plasticity, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, vol.26, issue.1, pp.179-210, 2010.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100109-104129

A. Castro-caldas, The illiterate brain. Learning to read and write during childhood influences the functional organization of the adult brain, Brain, vol.121, issue.6, pp.1053-1063, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/121.6.1053

S. Dehaene, How Learning to Read Changes the Cortical Networks for Vision and Language, Science, vol.330, issue.6009, pp.1359-1364, 2010.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1194140
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-00819208

M. Szwed, Effects of Literacy in Early Visual and Occipitotemporal Areas of Chinese and French Readers, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol.23, issue.3, pp.459-475, 2014.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.3

F. Crick and C. Koch, A framework for consciousness, Nature Neuroscience, vol.6, issue.2, pp.119-126, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nn0203-119

N. Block, Consciousness science: real progress and lingering misconceptions, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol.18, issue.11, pp.556-557, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tics.2014.09.004

S. Hameroff, Consciousness, neurobiology and quantum mechanics, The Emerging Physics of Consciousness, pp.192-251, 2006.

G. Tononi and G. M. Edelman, Consciousness and Complexity, Science, vol.282, issue.5395, pp.1846-1851, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.282.5395.1846

H. H. Jasper, Wilder penfield: his legacy to neurology. The centrencephalic system, Can. Med. Assoc. J, vol.116, pp.1371-1372, 1977.

S. Dehaene and J. P. Changeux, Ongoing Spontaneous Activity Controls Access to Consciousness: A Neuronal Model for Inattentional Blindness, PLoS Biology, vol.1, issue.5, p.141, 2005.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030141.g008
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00079979

S. Dehaene and J. P. Changeux, Experimental and Theoretical Approaches to Conscious Processing, Neuron, vol.70, issue.2, pp.200-227, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.018
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00717254

M. S. Graziano and S. Kastner, Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: A novel hypothesis, Cognitive Neuroscience, vol.40, issue.2, pp.98-113, 2011.
DOI : 10.1162/089892903770007399

H. C. Lou, Towards a cognitive neuroscience of selfawareness, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev, 2016.

M. I. Posner, The anterior cingulate gyrus and the mechanism of self-regulation, Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, vol.7, issue.4, pp.391-395, 2007.
DOI : 10.3758/CABN.7.4.391

E. Von-holst and H. Mittelstaedt, The reafference principle . Interaction between the central nervous system and the periphery, Selected Papers of Erich von Holst: The Behavioural Physiology of Animals and Man, pp.39-73, 1950.

T. J. Buschman and E. K. Miller, Goal-direction and top-down control, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.378, issue.6556, p.20130471, 2014.
DOI : 10.1038/378496a0
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4186225

E. Koechlin, Prefrontal executive function and adaptive behavior in complex environments, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol.37, pp.1-6, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.conb.2015.11.004

J. Fuster, The Prefrontal Cortex, 2015.

P. S. Goldman-rakic, The physiological approach: functional architecture of working memory and disordered cognition in schizophrenia, Biological Psychiatry, vol.46, issue.5, pp.650-661, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00130-4

N. T. Markov, Cortical High-Density Counterstream Architectures, Science, vol.342, issue.6158, p.1238406, 2013.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1238406
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00879494

R. Thomsen and K. , Altered paralimbic interaction in behavioral addiction, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.110, issue.12, pp.4744-4749, 2013.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1302374110

Y. Y. Tang, Circuitry of self-control and its role in reducing addiction, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol.19, issue.8, pp.439-444, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tics.2015.06.007

J. P. Changeux and H. C. Lou, Emergent pharmacology of conscious experience: new perspectives in substance addiction, The FASEB Journal, vol.25, issue.7, pp.2098-2108, 2011.
DOI : 10.1096/fj.11-0702ufm

M. K. Belmonte, Autism and Abnormal Development of Brain Connectivity, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.24, issue.42, pp.9228-9231, 2004.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3340-04.2004

M. Toichi, A Lack of Self-Consciousness in Autism, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.159, issue.8, pp.1422-1424, 2002.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1422

B. Shalom and D. B. , The Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Integration in Autism, The Neuroscientist, vol.39, issue.6, pp.589-598, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/1073858409336371

C. E. Robertson, Slower Rate of Binocular Rivalry in Autism, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.33, issue.43, pp.16983-16991, 2013.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0448-13.2013

L. Van-eylen, Executive functioning and local-global visual processing: candidate endophenotypes for autism spectrum disorder?, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol.5, issue.4pt2, 2016.
DOI : 10.1007/s10803-015-2526-2

T. Yatziv and H. Jacobson, Understanding visual consciousness in autism spectrum disorders, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol.77, p.204, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s00426-011-0399-3

S. H. Ameis and M. Catani, Altered white matter connectivity as a neural substrate for social impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cortex, vol.62, pp.158-181, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.10.014

C. Ecker, Relationship Between Cortical Gyrification, White Matter Connectivity, and Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cerebral Cortex, vol.26, issue.7, pp.3297-3309, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/cercor/bhw098
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4898679

R. A. Vasa, The Disrupted Connectivity Hypothesis of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Time for the Next Phase in Research, Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, vol.1, issue.3, pp.245-252, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.02.003

G. Dumas, Anatomical Connectivity Influences both Intra- and Inter-Brain Synchronizations, PLoS ONE, vol.11, issue.5, p.36414, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0036414.s004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00793686

A. A. Scott-van-zeeland, Altered Functional Connectivity in Frontal Lobe Circuits Is Associated with Variation in the Autism Risk Gene CNTNAP2, Science Translational Medicine, vol.2, issue.56, pp.56-80, 2010.
DOI : 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001344

J. P. Changeux and A. Christopoulos, Allosteric Modulation as a Unifying Mechanism for Receptor Function and Regulation, Cell, vol.166, issue.5, pp.1084-1102, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.015

I. F. Tsigelny, Multiple spatially related pharmacophores define small molecule inhibitors of OLIG2 in glioblastoma, Oncotarget, 2015.

G. Dehaene-lambertz and E. Spelke, The Infancy of the Human Brain, Neuron, vol.88, issue.1, pp.93-109, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.026

P. Mukherjee, J. Owen, and I. F. Tsigelny, Tracking neurons' long projections to unravel autism. Spectrum 21 October 115 Molecular mechanisms of OLIG2 transcription factor in brain cancer, Oncotarget, 2014.