D. Finzi, M. Hermankova, T. Pierson, L. Carruth, and C. Buck, Identification of a Reservoir for HIV-1 in Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, Science, vol.278, issue.5341, pp.1295-1300, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.278.5341.1295

M. Bongiovanni, M. Casana, C. Tincati, and A. Monforte, Treatment interruptions in HIV-infected subjects, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.58, issue.3, pp.502-505, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkl268

N. Lohse, A. Hansen, G. Pedersen, G. Kronborg, and J. Gerstoft, Survival of Persons with and without HIV Infection in Denmark, 1995???2005, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.146, issue.2, pp.87-95, 1995.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-146-2-200701160-00003

S. Deeks and A. Phillips, HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, ageing, and non-AIDS related morbidity, BMJ, vol.338, issue.jan26 2, p.3172, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.a3172

Y. Cao, L. Qin, L. Zhang, J. Safrit, and D. Ho, Virologic and Immunologic Characterization of Long-Term Survivors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.332, issue.4, pp.201-208, 1995.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199501263320401

O. Lambotte, F. Boufassa, Y. Madec, A. Nguyen, and C. Goujard, HIV Controllers: A Homogeneous Group of HIV-1--Infected Patients with Spontaneous Control of Viral Replication, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.41, issue.7, pp.1053-1056, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/433188

F. Pereyra, M. Addo, D. Kaufmann, Y. Liu, and T. Miura, Genetic and Immunologic Heterogeneity among Persons Who Control HIV Infection in the Absence of Therapy, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.197, issue.4, pp.563-571, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/526786

J. Okulicz, V. Marconi, M. Landrum, S. Wegner, and A. Weintrob, Clinical Outcomes of Elite Controllers, Viremic Controllers, and Long???Term Nonprogressors in the US Department of Defense HIV Natural History Study, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.200, issue.11, pp.1714-1723, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/646609

F. Boufassa, A. Saez-cirion, J. Lechenadec, D. Zucman, and V. Avettand-fenoel, CD4 Dynamics over a 15 Year-Period among HIV Controllers Enrolled in the ANRS French Observatory, PLoS ONE, vol.4, issue.9, p.18726, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0018726.t002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01420582

S. Hansen, J. Ford, M. Lewis, A. Ventura, and C. Hughes, Profound early control of highly pathogenic SIV by an effector memory T-cell vaccine, Nature, vol.81, issue.7348, pp.523-527, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nature10003

A. Sakhdari, S. Mujib, B. Vali, F. Yue, and S. Macparland, Tim-3 Negatively Regulates Cytotoxicity in Exhausted CD8+ T Cells in HIV Infection, PLoS ONE, vol.8, issue.7, p.40146, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0040146.s002
URL : http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040146

H. Chen, Z. Ndhlovu, D. Liu, L. Porter, and J. Fang, TCR clonotypes modulate the protective effect of HLA class I molecules in HIV-1 infection, Nature Immunology, vol.172, issue.7, pp.691-700, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/ni.2342

J. Almeida, D. Sauce, D. Price, L. Papagno, and S. Shin, Antigen sensitivity is a major determinant of CD8+ T-cell polyfunctionality and HIV-suppressive activity, Blood, vol.113, issue.25, pp.6351-6360, 2009.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2009-02-206557
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00668485

E. Ruiz-mateos, K. Machmach, M. Romero-sanchez, S. Ferrando-martinez, and P. Viciana, Hepatitis C virus replication in Caucasian HIV controllers, Journal of Viral Hepatitis, vol.16, issue.1, pp.350-357, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01431.x
URL : https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/74972/1/accesoRestringido.pdf

M. Sajadi, N. Shakeri, R. Talwani, and R. Redfield, Hepatitis C infection in HIV-1 natural viral suppressors, AIDS, vol.24, issue.11, pp.1689-1695, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a2a32
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894991

A. Kim, T. Kuntzen, J. Timm, B. Nolan, and M. Baca, Spontaneous Control of HCV Is Associated With Expression of HLA-B*57 and Preservation of Targeted Epitopes, Gastroenterology, vol.140, issue.2, pp.686-696, 2011.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.09.042

J. Huang, P. Burke, T. Cung, F. Pereyra, and I. Toth, Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors Maintain Unique Antigen-Presenting Properties of Circulating Myeloid Dendritic Cells in HIV-1-Infected Elite Controllers, Journal of Virology, vol.84, issue.18, pp.9463-9471, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.01009-10

J. Bailey, T. Williams, R. Siliciano, and J. Blankson, elite suppressors despite CTL escape mutations, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.69, issue.5, pp.1357-1369, 2006.
DOI : 10.1089/08892220260235425
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2121215

B. Emu, E. Sinclair, H. Hatano, A. Ferre, and B. Shacklett, HLA class I-restricted T-cell responses may contribute to the control of human immunodeficiency virus infection, 2008.

V. Vieillard, H. Fausther-bovendo, A. Samri, and P. Debre, Specific Phenotypic and Functional Features of Natural Killer Cells From HIV-Infected Long-Term Nonprogressors and HIV Controllers, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.53, pp.564-573, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181d0c5b4

C. Tomescu, F. Duh, R. Hoh, A. Viviani, and K. Harvill, Impact of protective killer inhibitory receptor/human leukocyte antigen genotypes on natural killer cell and T-cell function in HIV-1-infected controllers, AIDS, vol.26, issue.15, pp.1869-1878, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835861b0

L. Barblu, K. Machmach, C. Gras, J. Delfraissy, and F. Boufassa, Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDCs) From HIV Controllers Produce Interferon-?? and Differentiate Into Functional Killer pDCs Under HIV Activation, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.206, issue.5, pp.790-801, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/jis384

K. Machmach, M. Leal, C. Gras, P. Viciana, and M. Genebat, Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Reduce HIV Production in Elite Controllers, Journal of Virology, vol.86, issue.8, pp.4245-4252, 2012.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.07114-11
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00669899

H. Chen, C. Li, J. Huang, T. Cung, and K. Seiss, CD4+ T cells from elite controllers resist HIV-1 infection by selective upregulation of p21, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.121, issue.4, pp.1549-1560, 2011.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI44539DS1

O. Connell, K. Rabi, S. Siliciano, R. Blankson, and J. , CD4+ T cells from elite suppressors are more susceptible to HIV-1 but produce fewer virions than cells from chronic progressors, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.184, issue.3, pp.689-698, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.78.4.1718-1729.2004

K. Allers, G. Hutter, J. Hofmann, C. Loddenkemper, and K. Rieger, Evidence for the cure of HIV infection by CCR5??32/??32 stem cell transplantation, Blood, vol.117, issue.10, pp.2791-2799, 2011.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2010-09-309591

R. Liu, W. Paxton, S. Choe, D. Ceradini, and S. Martin, Homozygous Defect in HIV-1 Coreceptor Accounts for Resistance of Some Multiply-Exposed Individuals to HIV-1 Infection, Cell, vol.86, issue.3, pp.367-377, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80110-5

C. Goujard, I. Girault, C. Rouzioux, C. Lecuroux, and C. Deveau, HIV-1 control after transient antiretroviral treatment initiated in primary infection: role of patient characteristics and effect of therapy, Antiviral Therapy, vol.17, issue.6, pp.1001-1009, 2012.
DOI : 10.3851/IMP2273

L. Hocqueloux, T. Prazuck, V. Avettand-fenoel, A. Lafeuillade, and B. Cardon, Long-term immunovirologic control following antiretroviral therapy interruption in patients treated at the time of primary HIV-1 infection, AIDS, vol.24, issue.10, pp.1598-1601, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833b61ba

S. Lodi, L. Meyer, A. Kelleher, M. Rosinska, and J. Ghosn, Immunovirologic Control 24 Months After Interruption of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiated Close to HIV Seroconversion, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.172, issue.16, pp.1252-1255, 2012.
DOI : 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2719

A. Saez-cirion, C. Bacchus, L. Hocqueloux, V. Avettand-fenoel, and I. Girault, Posttreatment HIV-1 controllers with a long-term virological remission after the interruption of early initiated antiretroviral therapy. ANRS VISCONTI study, PLoS Pathog, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01420534

E. Van-gulck, L. Bracke, L. Heyndrickx, S. Coppens, and D. Atkinson, Immune and Viral Correlates of ???Secondary Viral Control??? after Treatment Interruption in Chronically HIV-1 Infected Patients, PLoS ONE, vol.83, issue.5, p.37792, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0037792.s001

G. Alter, N. Teigen, B. Davis, M. Addo, and T. Suscovich, Sequential deregulation of NK cell subset distribution and function starting in acute HIV-1 infection, Blood, vol.106, issue.10, pp.3366-3369, 2005.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1100

S. Moir, C. Buckner, J. Ho, W. Wang, and J. Chen, B cells in early and chronic HIV infection: evidence for preservation of immune function associated with early initiation of antiretroviral therapy, Blood, vol.116, issue.25, pp.5571-5579, 2010.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2010-05-285528

A. Oxenius, D. Price, P. Easterbrook, O. Callaghan, C. Kelleher et al., Early highly active antiretroviral therapy for acute HIV-1 infection preserves immune function of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.5, issue.5, pp.3382-3387, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/8400

E. Delwart, M. Magierowska, M. Royz, B. Foley, and L. Peddada, Homogeneous quasispecies in 16 out of 17 individuals during very early HIV-1 primary infection, AIDS, vol.16, issue.2, pp.189-195, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200201250-00007

N. Ngo-giang-huong, C. Deveau, D. Silva, I. Pellegrin, I. Venet et al., Proviral HIV-1 DNA in subjects followed since primary HIV-1 infection who suppress plasma viral load after one year of highly active antiretroviral therapy, AIDS, vol.15, issue.6, pp.665-673, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200104130-00001

T. Chun, J. Justement, D. Murray, C. Hallahan, and J. Maenza, Rebound of plasma viremia following cessation of antiretroviral therapy despite profoundly low levels of HIV reservoir: implications for eradication, AIDS, vol.24, issue.18, pp.2803-2808, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328340a239

M. Lewis, S. Dafonseca, N. Chomont, A. Palamara, and M. Tardugno, Gold drug auranofin restricts the viral reservoir in the monkey AIDS model and induces containment of viral load following ART suspension, AIDS, vol.25, issue.11, pp.1347-1356, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328347bd77

S. Choudhary, N. Vrisekoop, C. Jansen, S. Otto, and H. Schuitemaker, Low Immune Activation despite High Levels of Pathogenic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Results in Long-Term Asymptomatic Disease, Journal of Virology, vol.81, issue.16, pp.8838-8842, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.02663-06

M. Rotger, J. Dalmau, A. Rauch, P. Mclaren, and S. Bosinger, Comparative transcriptomics of extreme phenotypes of human HIV-1 infection and SIV infection in sooty mangabey and rhesus macaque, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.121, issue.6, pp.2391-2400, 2011.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI45235DS1

A. Chahroudi, S. Bosinger, T. Vanderford, M. Paiardini, and G. Silvestri, Natural SIV Hosts: Showing AIDS the Door, Science, vol.15, issue.8, pp.1188-1193, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/nm.2013
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3822437

B. Jacquelin, V. Mayau, B. Targat, A. Liovat, and D. Kunkel, Nonpathogenic SIV infection of African green monkeys induces a strong but rapidly controlled type I IFN response, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.119, pp.3544-3555, 2009.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI40093DS1

J. Giorgi, L. Hultin, J. Mckeating, T. Johnson, and B. Owens, Shorter survival in advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is more closely associated 26, 1999.

A. Liovat, M. Rey-cuille, C. Lecuroux, J. B. Girault, and I. , Acute Plasma Biomarkers of T Cell Activation Set-Point Levels and of Disease Progression in HIV-1 Infection, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.10, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0046143.s007

S. Piconi, S. Parisotto, G. Rizzardini, S. Passerini, and R. Terzi, Hydroxychloroquine drastically reduces immune activation in HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy-treated immunologic nonresponders, Blood, vol.118, issue.12, pp.3263-3272, 2011.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2011-01-329060
URL : http://hdl.handle.net/2434/168139

N. Paton, R. Goodall, D. Dunn, S. Franzen, and Y. Collaco-moraes, Effects of hydroxychloroquine on immune activation and disease progression among HIVinfected patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial, 2012.