J. L. Angel, Appendix: human skeletal remains at Karatas¸.Karatas¸ Excavations at Karatas¸-Karatas¸-Semayü k Elmali, Lycia, American Journal of Archaeology, vol.74, pp.245-259, 1969.

. Anon, Burial mound of Queen of Sacae found in Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Daily Digest, 2000.

A. C. Aufderheide and C. Rodriguez-martin, Cambridge Encyclopedia of Palaeopathology, p.148, 1998.

P. Bennike, Vilhelm Møller-Christensen: his work and legacy The Past and Present of Leprosy, Archaeological, Historical, Palaeopathological and Clinical Approaches, BAR International Series 1054. Archaeopress, pp.135-144, 2002.

S. Blau and V. Yagodin, Osteoarchaeological evidence for leprosy from western Central Asia, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.9, issue.2, pp.150-158, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/ajpa.20121

S. Blau and V. Yagodin, AMS Radiocarbon Dates of Kurgans Located On the Ust'-Yurt Plateau, Uzbekistan, Radiocarbon, vol.47, issue.02, pp.235-241, 2005.
DOI : 10.1017/S0033822200019743

J. Blondiaux, J. Duvette, S. Vatteoni, and L. Eisenberg, Microradiographs of leprosy from an osteoarchaeological context, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, vol.55, issue.1, pp.13-20, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/oa.1390040104

D. R. Brothwell, The Palaeopathology of Early British Man: An Essay on the Problems of Diagnosis and Analysis, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol.91, issue.2, pp.113-116, 1961.
DOI : 10.2307/2844418

D. R. Brothwell, R. Powers, S. M. Hirst, S. M. Wright, and S. Gautier, The human biology, Cannington Cemetery. Britannia Monograph Series No. 17. Society for Roman Studies, pp.131-256, 2000.

H. D. Donoghue, A. Marcsik, C. Matheson, K. Vernon, E. Nuorala et al., Co-infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae in human archaeological samples: a possible explanation for the historical decline of leprosy, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.272, issue.1561, pp.389-394, 2005.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2004.2966

C. Duhig, The human skeletal material The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Edix Hill Council for British Archaeology, pp.154-199, 1998.

T. Dzierzykray-rogalski, Paleopathology of the Ptolemaic inhabitants of Dakhleh Oasis (Egypt), Journal of Human Evolution, vol.9, issue.1, pp.71-74, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0047-2484(80)90044-5

C. J. Haas, A. Zink, G. Palfi, U. Szeimies, and A. G. Nerlich, Detection of Leprosy in Ancient Human Skeletal Remains by Molecular Identification of Mycobacterium leprae, American Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol.114, issue.3, pp.428-436, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/ajcp/114.3.428

G. H. Hansen, Undersøgelser Angående Spedalskhedens Årsager (Investigations concerning the etiology of leprosy) (in Norwegian), Norsk Mag. Laegervidenskaben, vol.4, pp.1-88, 1874.

I. Hershkovitz, H. D. Donoghue, D. E. Minnikin, G. S. Besra, O. Y. Lee et al., Detection and Molecular Characterization of 9000-Year-Old Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a Neolithic Settlement in the Eastern Mediterranean, PLoS ONE, vol.81, issue.10, p.3426, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0003426.s010

R. R. Iyer, A. Pluciennik, W. A. Rosche, R. R. Sinden, and R. D. Wells, DNA Polymerase III Proofreading Mutants Enhance the Expansion and Deletion of Triplet Repeat Sequences in Escherichia coli, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.275, issue.3, pp.2174-2184, 2000.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.275.3.2174

S. T. Lovett, Encoded errors: mutations and rearrangements mediated by misalignment at repetitive DNA sequences, Molecular Microbiology, vol.307, issue.5, pp.1243-1253, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04076.x

K. Manchester, A leprous skeleton of the 7th century from Eccles, Kent, and the present evidence of leprosy in early Britain, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.8, issue.2, pp.205-209, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0305-4403(81)90025-X

V. Mariotti, O. Dutour, M. G. Belcastro, F. Facchini, and P. Brasili, Probable early presence of leprosy in Europe in a Celtic skeleton of the 4th-3rd century BC (Casalecchio di Reno, Bologna, Italy), International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, vol.2, issue.5, pp.311-325, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/oa.775

M. Matsuoka, S. Maeda, M. Kai, N. Nakata, G. Chae et al., Mycobacterium leprae typing by genomic diversity and global distribution of genotypes, International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, vol.68, issue.6868, pp.121-127, 2000.

D. E. Minnikin, G. Dobson, M. Goodfellow, P. Draper, and M. Magnusson, Quantitative Comparison of the Mycolic and Fatty Acid Compositions of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium gordonae, Microbiology, vol.131, issue.8, pp.2013-2021, 1985.
DOI : 10.1099/00221287-131-8-2013

V. Møller-christensen and D. R. Hughes, 287. Two Early Cases of Leprosy in Great Britain, Man, vol.62, pp.177-179, 1962.
DOI : 10.2307/2796061

J. E. Molto, Leprosy in Roman period skeletons from Kellis 2, Dakhleh, Egypt The Past and Present of Leprosy: Archaeological, Historical, Palaeopathological and Clinical Approaches, BAR International Series 1054. Archaeopress, pp.179-192, 2002.

M. Monot, N. Honoré, T. Garnier, R. Araoz, J. Coppé-e et al., On the Origin of Leprosy, Science, vol.308, issue.5724, pp.1040-1042, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science/1109759

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00204117

M. Monot, N. Honoré, T. Garnier, A. Paniz-mondolfi, M. Matsuoka et al., Phylogeography of leprosy, Nature Genetics
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01370857

R. Montiel, C. Garcia, M. P. Canadas, A. Isidro, J. M. Guijo et al., recovered from ancient bones, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.226, issue.2, pp.413-414, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00617-7

V. S. Olkhovskiy, Ancient sanctuaries of the Aral and Caspian regions: a reconstruction of their history, Kurgans, Ritual Sites and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age. BAR Int Ser 890, pp.33-42, 2000.

Y. C. Shin, H. Lee, G. P. Walsh, J. D. Kim, and S. N. Cho, Variable numbers of TTC repeats in Mycobacterium leprae DNA from leprosy patients and use in strain differentiation, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.8, pp.4535-4538, 2000.

J. L. Stanford and C. A. Stanford, Leprosy, a correctable model of immunological perturbation The Past and Present of Leprosy, Archaeological, Historical, Palaeopathological and Clinical Approaches, BAR International Series 1054. Archaeopress, pp.25-38, 2002.

G. M. Taylor, C. L. Watson, A. S. Bouwman, D. N. Lockwood, and S. A. Mays, Variable nucleotide tandem repeat (VNTR) typing of two palaeopathological cases of lepromatous leprosy from Mediaeval England, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol.33, issue.11, pp.1569-1579, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jas.2006.02.008

V. N. Yagodin, A. V. Betts, and S. Blau, Ancient Nomads of the Aralo-Caspian Region: the Duana Archaeological Complex, 2007.

D. B. Young, Leprosy and the genome???not yet a burnt-out case, The Lancet, vol.357, issue.9269, pp.1639-1640, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04861-3