F. Dantas-torres, B. Chomel, and D. Otranto, Ticks and tick-borne diseases: a One Health perspective, Trends in Parasitology, vol.28, issue.10, pp.437-483, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2012.07.003

M. Madder, E. Thys, L. Achi, A. Toure, and R. De-deken, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: a most successful invasive tick species in West-Africa, Experimental and Applied Acarology, vol.23, issue.2, pp.139-184, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10493-010-9390-8

M. Vayssier-taussat, S. Moutailler, L. Michelet, E. Devillers, S. Bonnet et al., Next Generation Sequencing Uncovers Unexpected Bacterial Pathogens in Ticks in Western Europe, PLoS ONE, vol.18, issue.11, p.81439, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0081439.t002

S. Bonnet, L. Michelet, S. Moutailler, J. Cheval, C. Hebert et al., Identification of Parasitic Communities within European Ticks Using Next-Generation Sequencing, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.71, issue.Pt 2, p.2753, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002753.t002

E. Leger, G. Vourc-'h, L. Vial, C. Chevillon, and K. Mccoy, Changing distributions of ticks: causes and consequences, Experimental and Applied Acarology, vol.52, issue.1-2, pp.219-263, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10493-012-9615-0
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00965558

E. Lindgren, Y. Andersson, J. Suk, B. Sudre, and J. Semenza, Monitoring EU Emerging Infectious Disease Risk Due to Climate Change, Science, vol.336, issue.6080, pp.418-427, 2012.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1215735

P. Heyman, C. Cochez, A. Hofhuis, J. Van-der-giessen, H. Sprong et al., A clear and present danger: tick-borne diseases in Europe, Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, vol.8, issue.1, pp.33-50, 2010.
DOI : 10.1586/eri.09.118

A. Rizzoli, C. Silaghi, A. Obiegala, I. Rudolf, Z. Hubálek et al., Ixodes ricinus and Its Transmitted Pathogens in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas in Europe: New Hazards and Relevance for Public Health, Frontiers in Public Health, vol.367, issue.9, p.251, 2014.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1203378

J. Medlock, K. Hansford, A. Bormane, M. Derdakova, A. Estrada-pena et al., Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe, Parasites & Vectors, vol.6, issue.1, p.1, 2013.
DOI : 10.1089/vbz.2009.0116

M. Vassallo, R. Paul, and C. Perez-eid, Temporal distribution of the annual nymphal stock of Ixodes ricinus ticks, Experimental and Applied Acarology, vol.24, issue.12, pp.941-950, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1010669003887

F. Jouda, J. Perret, and L. Gern, Sensu Lato in Switzerland: Spatio-Temporal Pattern at a Regional Scale, Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, vol.4, issue.1, pp.23-32, 2004.
DOI : 10.1089/153036604773082960

A. Schwarz, W. Maier, T. Kistemann, and H. Kampen, Analysis of the distribution of the tick Ixodes ricinus L. (Acari: Ixodidae) in a nature reserve of western Germany using Geographic Information Systems, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol.212, issue.1, pp.87-96, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.12.001

R. Lauterbach, K. Wells, O. Hara, R. Kalko, E. Renner et al., Variable Strength of Forest Stand Attributes and Weather Conditions on the Questing Activity of Ixodes ricinus Ticks over Years in Managed Forests, PLoS ONE, vol.149, issue.1, p.55365, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0055365.g003

C. Burri, M. Cadenas, F. Douet, V. Moret, J. Gern et al., Sensu Lato Along A North-Facing Altitudinal Gradient in The Rh??ne Valley (Switzerland), Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, vol.7, issue.1, pp.50-58, 2007.
DOI : 10.1089/vbz.2006.0569

M. Daniel, M. Malý, V. Danielová, B. K?í?, and P. Nuttall, Abiotic predictors and annual seasonal dynamics of Ixodes ricinus, the major disease vector of Central Europe, Parasites & Vectors, vol.18, issue.Suppl 1, p.478, 2015.
DOI : 10.1186/s13071-015-1092-y

L. Eisen, R. Eisen, and R. Lane, Seasonal activity patterns of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in relation to climatic conditions, Medical and Veterinary Entomology, vol.35, issue.3, pp.235-279, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s004360000209

R. Eisen, L. Eisen, N. Ogden, and C. Beard, , and Lyme Disease in North America, Journal of Medical Entomology, vol.53, issue.2, pp.250-61, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/jme/tjv199

R. Eisen, L. Eisen, and R. Lane, Predicting density of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in dense woodlands in Mendocino County, California, based on geographic information systems and remote sensing versus field-derived data, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.74, pp.632-672, 2006.

B. Maresca, G. Poquet, and O. Martin, Enquete de frequentation dans la forêt de senart et dans les forêts domaniales des hauts-de-seine, Crédoc, vol.3, 2005.

M. Vassallo, B. Pichon, J. Cabaret, C. Figureau, and C. Perez-eid, Methodology for Sampling Questing Nymphs of <I>Ixodes Ricinus</I> (Acari: Ixodidae), the Principal Vector of Lyme Disease in Europe, Journal of Medical Entomology, vol.37, issue.3, pp.335-344, 2000.
DOI : 10.1603/0022-2585(2000)037[0335:MFSQNO]2.0.CO;2

C. Pérez-eid, Les Tiques : Identification, biologie, importance médicale et vétérinaire, 2007.

C. Reis, M. Cote, R. Paul, and S. Bonnet, Questing Ticks in Suburban Forest Are Infected by at Least Six Tick-Borne Pathogens, Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, vol.11, issue.7, pp.907-923, 2011.
DOI : 10.1089/vbz.2010.0103

S. Bonnet and X. Liu, Laboratory artificial infection of hard ticks: a tool for the analysis of tick-borne pathogen transmission, Acarologia, vol.52, issue.4, pp.453-64, 2012.
DOI : 10.1051/acarologia/20122068
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01301271

L. Halos, T. Jamal, L. Vial, R. Maillard, A. Suau et al., Determination of an efficient and reliable method for DNA extraction from ticks, Veterinary Research, vol.35, issue.6, pp.709-722, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/vetres:2004038
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00902802

W. Black and J. Piesman, Phylogeny of hard- and soft-tick taxa (Acari: Ixodida) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.91, issue.21, pp.10034-10042, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.21.10034

R. Lowe, B. Cazelles, R. Paul, and X. Rodo, Quantifying the added value of interannual climate variability in a spatio-temporal dengue model, Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, pp.1-12, 2015.

J. Perret, E. Guigoz, O. Rais, and L. Gern, Influence of saturation deficit and temperature on Ixodes ricinus tick questing activity in a Lyme borreliosis-endemic area (Switzerland), Parasitology Research, vol.86, issue.7, pp.554-561, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s004360000209

Z. Hubalek, J. Halouzka, and Z. Juricova, Host-seeking activity of ixodid ticks in relation to weather variables, J Vector Ecol, vol.28, pp.159-65, 2003.

N. Ogden, A. Maarouf, I. Barker, M. Bigras-poulin, L. Lindsay et al., Climate change and the potential for range expansion of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in Canada, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.36, issue.1, pp.63-70, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.08.016

D. Salkeld, M. Castro, D. Bonilla, A. Kjemtrup, V. Kramer et al., Seasonal activity patterns of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus, in relation to onset of human Lyme disease in northwestern California, Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, vol.5, issue.6, pp.790-796, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.05.002

K. Padgett and R. Lane, (Acari: Ixodidae): Timing of Developmental Processes Under Field and Laboratory Conditions, Journal of Medical Entomology, vol.38, issue.5, pp.684-93, 2001.
DOI : 10.1603/0022-2585-38.5.684

M. Vassallo-paul, Borréliose de Lyme : étude des densités du vecteur principal, le groupe d'espèces Ixodes ricinus, et de ses relations à l'environnement. Evaluation des zones et des périodes à risques pour l'homme de contracter la maladie, Thèse de doctorat de biologie, 2000.

K. Logiudice, S. Duerr, M. Newhouse, K. Schmidt, M. Killilea et al., IMPACT OF HOST COMMUNITY COMPOSITION ON LYME DISEASE RISK, Ecology, vol.31, issue.10, pp.2841-2850, 2008.
DOI : 10.2307/1941449

A. Dobson and S. Randolph, Modelling the effects of recent changes in climate, host density and acaricide treatments on population dynamics of Ixodes ricinus in the UK, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.78, issue.8, pp.1029-1066, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02004.x

S. Randolph, The shifting landscape of tick-borne zoonoses: tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in Europe, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.356, issue.1411, pp.1045-56, 2001.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2001.0893

J. Beytout, J. George, J. Malaval, M. Garnier, M. Beytout et al., Sensu Lato, Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, vol.7, issue.4, pp.507-524, 2007.
DOI : 10.1089/vbz.2006.0633

L. Halos, T. Jamal, R. Maillard, F. Beugnet, L. Menach et al., sp., Veterinary Research, vol.36, issue.1, pp.79-87, 2005.
DOI : 10.1051/vetres:2004052
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00902955

L. Halos, S. Bord, V. Cotte, P. Gasqui, D. Abrial et al., Ecological Factors Characterizing the Prevalence of Bacterial Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodes ricinus Ticks in Pastures and Woodlands, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.76, issue.13, pp.4413-4433, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00610-10

E. Zhioua, D. Postic, F. Rodhain, and C. Perez-eid, Infection of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) by Borrelia burgdorferi in Ile de France, Journal of Medical Entomology, vol.33, issue.4, pp.694-701, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/jmedent/33.4.694

V. Cotté, S. Bonnet, M. Cote, and M. Vayssier-taussat, Ticks from Western France, Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, vol.10, issue.8, pp.723-753, 2010.
DOI : 10.1089/vbz.2009.0066

S. Bonnet, J. De-la-fuente, P. Nicollet, X. Liu, N. Madani et al., spp. Ticks from Nine Collection Sites in France, Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, vol.13, issue.4, pp.226-262, 2013.
DOI : 10.1089/vbz.2011.0933
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00740520

M. Marsot, J. Chapuis, P. Gasqui, A. Dozieres, S. Masseglia et al., Introduced Siberian Chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus barberi) Contribute More to Lyme Borreliosis Risk than Native Reservoir Rodents, PLoS ONE, vol.21, issue.1, p.55377, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0055377.s003
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00965559

M. Marsot, M. Sigaud, J. Chapuis, E. Ferquel, M. Cornet et al., Introduced Siberian Chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus barberi) Harbor More-Diverse Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Genospecies than Native Bank Voles (Myodes glareolus), Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.77, issue.16, pp.5716-5737, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.01846-10
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00818512

A. Grzeszczuk and J. Stanczak, High prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks removed from human skin in north-eastern Poland, Ann Agric Environ Med, vol.13, pp.45-53, 2006.

Y. Sanogo, P. Parola, S. Shpynov, J. Camicas, P. Brouqui et al., Genetic Diversity of Bacterial Agents Detected in Ticks Removed from Asymptomatic Patients in Northeastern Italy, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.41, issue.1, pp.182-90, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07360.x

L. Halos, G. Vourc-'h, V. Cotte, P. Gasqui, J. Barnouin et al., Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia sp. and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks from France, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.5, issue.1, pp.316-325, 2006.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00557.x

P. Parola, L. Beati, M. Cambon, P. Brouqui, and D. Raoult, Ehrlichial DNA Amplified from Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in France, Journal of Medical Entomology, vol.35, issue.2, pp.180-183, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/jmedent/35.2.180

D. Duh, M. Petrovec, and T. Avsic-zupanc, Molecular Characterization of Human Pathogen Babesia EU1 in Ixodes ricinus Ticks From Slovenia, Journal of Parasitology, vol.91, issue.2, pp.463-468, 2005.
DOI : 10.1645/GE-394R

S. Casati, H. Sager, L. Gern, and J. Piffaretti, Presence of potentially pathogenic Babesia sp. for human in Ixodes ricinus in Switzerland, Ann Agric Environ Med, vol.13, pp.65-70, 2006.

S. Cieniuch, J. Stanczak, and A. Ruczaj, The first detection of Babesia EU1 and Babesia canis canis in Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) collected in urban and rural areas in northern Poland, Pol J Microbiol, vol.58, pp.231-237, 2009.

P. Wielinga, M. Fonville, H. Sprong, C. Gaasenbeek, F. Borgsteede et al., Persistent detection of Babesia EU1 and Babesia microti in Ixodes ricinus in the Netherlands during a 5-year surveillance, Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, vol.9, pp.2003-2007119, 2008.

S. Bonnet, M. Jouglin, L. Malandrin, C. Becker, A. Agoulon et al., Transstadial and transovarial persistence of Babesia divergens DNA in Ixodes ricinus ticks fed on infected blood in a new skin-feeding technique, Parasitology, vol.65, issue.02, pp.197-207, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00421827

C. Becker, A. Bouju-albert, M. Jouglin, A. Chauvin, and L. Malandrin, Ticks, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.15, issue.2, pp.320-322, 2009.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1502.081247

J. Gray, A. Zintl, A. Hildebrandt, K. Hunfeld, and L. Weiss, Zoonotic babesiosis: Overview of the disease and novel aspects of pathogen identity, Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, vol.1, issue.1, pp.3-10, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2009.11.003

J. Foley, N. Nieto, and . Tularemia, Tularemia, Veterinary Microbiology, vol.140, issue.3-4, pp.332-340, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.07.017

C. Reis, M. Cote, L. Rhun, D. Lecuelle, B. Levin et al., Vector Competence of the Tick Ixodes ricinus for Transmission of Bartonella birtlesii, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.33, issue.6, p.1186, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001186.g003

L. Qviller, L. Grova, H. Viljugrein, I. Klingen, and A. Mysterud, Temporal pattern of questing tick Ixodes ricinus density at differing elevations in the coastal region of western Norway, Parasites & Vectors, vol.7, issue.1, p.179, 2014.
DOI : 10.1186/1756-3305-7-11

E. Lindgren, L. Talleklint, and T. Polfeldt, Impact of Climatic Change on the Northern Latitude Limit and Population Density of the Disease-Transmitting European Tick Ixodes ricinus, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.108, issue.2, pp.119-142, 2000.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.00108119