M. Gack, Y. Shin, C. Joo, T. Urano, and C. Liang, TRIM25 RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase is essential for RIG-I-mediated antiviral activity, Nature, vol.7, issue.7138, pp.916-920, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05732

M. Gack, A. Kirchhofer, Y. Shin, K. Inn, and C. Liang, Roles of RIG-I N-terminal tandem CARD and splice variant in TRIM25-mediated antiviral signal transduction, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.43, pp.16743-16748, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0804947105

M. Yoneyama and T. Fujita, RNA recognition and signal transduction by RIG-I-like receptors, Immunological Reviews, vol.282, issue.1, pp.54-65, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00727.x

M. Binder, G. Kochs, R. Bartenschlager, and V. Lohmann, Hepatitis C virus escape from the interferon regulatory factor 3 pathway by a passive and active evasion strategy, Hepatology, vol.314, issue.5, pp.1365-1374, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.21829

T. Saito, D. Owen, F. Jiang, J. Marcotrigiano, M. Gale et al., Innate immunity induced by composition-dependent RIG-I recognition of hepatitis C virus RNA, Nature, vol.448, issue.7203, pp.523-527, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nature07106

R. Sumpter, J. Loo, Y. Foy, E. Li, K. Yoneyama et al., Regulating Intracellular Antiviral Defense and Permissiveness to Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication through a Cellular RNA Helicase, RIG-I, Journal of Virology, vol.79, issue.5, pp.2689-2699, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.79.5.2689-2699.2005

E. Meylan, J. Curran, K. Hofmann, D. Moradpour, and M. Binder, Cardif is an adaptor protein in the RIG-I antiviral pathway and is targeted by hepatitis C virus, Nature, vol.69, issue.7062, pp.1167-1172, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.012

N. Arnaud, S. Dabo, P. Maillard, A. Budkowska, and K. Kalliampakou, Hepatitis C Virus Controls Interferon Production through PKR Activation, PLoS ONE, vol.82, issue.5, p.10575, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0010575.s004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00488757

U. Garaigorta and F. Chisari, Hepatitis C Virus Blocks Interferon Effector Function by Inducing Protein Kinase R Phosphorylation, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.6, issue.6, pp.513-522, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2009.11.004

S. Mihm, M. Frese, V. Meier, P. Wietzke-braun, and J. Scharf, Interferon type I gene expression in chronic hepatitis C, Laboratory Investigation, vol.63, issue.9, pp.1148-1159, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/labinvest.3700135

M. Sarasin-filipowicz, E. Oakeley, F. Duong, V. Christen, and L. Terracciano, Interferon signaling and treatment outcome in chronic hepatitis C, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.19, pp.7034-7039, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0707882105

C. Bigger, B. Guerra, K. Brasky, G. Hubbard, and M. Beard, Intrahepatic Gene Expression during Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Chimpanzees, Journal of Virology, vol.78, issue.24, pp.13779-13792, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.78.24.13779-13792.2004

K. Takahashi, S. Asabe, S. Wieland, U. Garaigorta, and P. Gastaminza, Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense hepatitis C virus-infected cells, produce interferon, and inhibit infection, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.107, issue.16, pp.7431-7436, 2010.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1002301107

G. Askarieh, A. Alsio, P. Pugnale, F. Negro, and C. Ferrari, Systemic and intrahepatic interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 kDa predicts the first-phase decline in hepatitis C virus RNA and overall viral response to therapy in chronic hepatitis C, Hepatology, vol.105, issue.5, pp.1523-1530, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.23509

T. Asselah, I. Bieche, S. Narguet, A. Sabbagh, and I. Laurendeau, Liver gene expression signature to predict response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin combination therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C, Gut, vol.57, issue.4, pp.516-524, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2007.128611

L. Chen, I. Borozan, J. Feld, J. Sun, and L. Tannis, Hepatic Gene Expression Discriminates Responders and Nonresponders in Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Viral Infection, Gastroenterology, vol.128, issue.5, pp.1437-1444, 2005.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.01.059

L. Chen, J. Sun, L. Meng, J. Heathcote, and A. Edwards, ISG15, a ubiquitin-like interferon-stimulated gene, promotes hepatitis C virus production in vitro: implications for chronic infection and response to treatment, Journal of General Virology, vol.91, issue.2, pp.382-388, 2010.
DOI : 10.1099/vir.0.015388-0

M. Kim, S. Hwang, T. Imaizumi, and J. Yoo, Negative Feedback Regulation of RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Signaling by Interferon-Induced ISG15 Conjugation, Journal of Virology, vol.82, issue.3, pp.1474-1483, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.01650-07

D. Akazawa, T. Date, K. Morikawa, A. Murayama, and M. Miyamoto, CD81 Expression Is Important for the Permissiveness of Huh7 Cell Clones for Heterogeneous Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Journal of Virology, vol.81, issue.10, pp.5036-5045, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.01573-06

S. Nisole, J. Stoye, and A. Saib, TRIM family proteins: retroviral restriction and antiviral defence, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.3, issue.10, pp.799-808, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.75.13.6204-6208.2001

W. Zou, J. Wang, and D. Zhang, Negative regulation of ISG15 E3 ligase EFP through its autoISGylation, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.354, issue.1, pp.321-327, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.210

Y. Jeon, H. Yoo, and C. Chung, ISG15 and immune diseases, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, vol.1802, issue.5, pp.485-496, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.02.006
URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.02.006

K. Kim, M. Yan, O. Malakhova, J. Luo, and M. Shen, Ube1L and Protein ISGylation Are Not Essential for Alpha/Beta Interferon Signaling, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.26, issue.2, pp.472-479, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.26.2.472-479.2006

W. Chen, S. Basu, A. Bhattacharjee, and A. Cross, Enhanced antibody responses to a detoxified lipopolysaccharide-group B meningococcal outer membrane protein vaccine are due to synergistic engagement of Toll-like receptors, Innate Immunity, vol.8, issue.5, pp.322-332, 2010.
DOI : 10.1177/1753425909346973

R. Broering, X. Zhang, S. Kottilil, M. Trippler, and M. Jiang, The interferon stimulated gene 15 functions as a proviral factor for the hepatitis C virus and as a regulator of the IFN response, Gut, vol.59, issue.8, pp.1111-1119, 2010.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2009.195545

C. Elco, J. Guenther, B. Williams, and G. Sen, Analysis of Genes Induced by Sendai Virus Infection of Mutant Cell Lines Reveals Essential Roles of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3, NF-??B, and Interferon but Not Toll-Like Receptor 3, Journal of Virology, vol.79, issue.7, pp.3920-3929, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.79.7.3920-3929.2005

Y. Loo, D. Owen, K. Li, A. Erickson, and C. Johnson, Viral and therapeutic control of IFN-beta promoter stimulator 1 during hepatitis C virus infection, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.15, pp.6001-6006, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0601523103

C. Bigger, K. Brasky, and R. Lanford, DNA Microarray Analysis of Chimpanzee Liver during Acute Resolving Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Journal of Virology, vol.75, issue.15, pp.7059-7066, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.75.15.7059-7066.2001

P. Farell, R. Broeze, and P. Lengyel, Accumulation of an mRNA and protein in interferon-treated Ehrlich ascites tumour cells, Nature, vol.69, issue.5713, pp.523-524, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90176-3

A. Haas, P. Ahrens, P. Bright, and H. Ankel, Interferon induces a 15- kilodalton protein exhibiting marked homology to ubiquitin, J Biol Chem, vol.262, pp.11315-11323, 1987.

C. Zhao, C. Denison, J. Huibregtse, S. Gygi, and R. Krug, Human ISG15 conjugation targets both IFN-induced and constitutively expressed proteins functioning in diverse cellular pathways, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.29, pp.10200-10205, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0504754102

W. Yuan and R. Krug, Influenza B virus NS1 protein inhibits conjugation of the interferon (IFN)-induced ubiquitin-like ISG15 protein, The EMBO Journal, vol.20, issue.3, pp.362-371, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/20.3.362

J. Wong, Y. Pung, N. Sze, and K. Chin, HERC5 is an IFN-induced HECT-type E3 protein ligase that mediates type I IFN-induced ISGylation of protein targets, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.28, pp.10735-10740, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0600397103

W. Zou and D. Zhang, The Interferon-inducible Ubiquitin-protein Isopeptide Ligase (E3) EFP Also Functions as an ISG15 E3 Ligase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.281, issue.7, pp.3989-3994, 2006.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M510787200

L. Durfee, N. Lyon, K. Seo, and J. Huibregtse, The ISG15 Conjugation System Broadly Targets Newly Synthesized Proteins: Implications for the Antiviral Function of ISG15, Molecular Cell, vol.38, issue.5, pp.722-732, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.05.002

S. Wieland and F. Chisari, Stealth and Cunning: Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viruses, Journal of Virology, vol.79, issue.15, pp.9369-9380, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.79.15.9369-9380.2005
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181548

J. Jiang and H. Tang, Mechanism of inhibiting type I interferon induction by hepatitis B virus X protein, Protein & Cell, vol.18, issue.12, pp.1106-1117, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s13238-010-0141-8

C. Wei, C. Ni, T. Song, Y. Liu, and X. Yang, The Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Disrupts Innate Immunity by Downregulating Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein, The Journal of Immunology, vol.185, issue.2, pp.1158-1168, 2010.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.0903874

G. Chen, P. Lai, R. Ho, P. Chan, and H. Xu, Reduction of double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis B virus, Journal of Medical Virology, vol.21, issue.2, pp.187-194, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/jmv.20074

T. Shimoike, S. Mckenna, D. Lindhout, and J. Puglisi, Translational insensitivity to potent activation of PKR by HCV IRES RNA, Antiviral Research, vol.83, issue.3, pp.228-237, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.05.004

S. Nallagatla, J. Hwang, R. Toroney, X. Zheng, and C. Cameron, 5'-Triphosphate-Dependent Activation of PKR by RNAs with Short Stem-Loops, Science, vol.318, issue.5855, pp.1455-1458, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1147347

J. Gil, M. Garcia, P. Gomez-puertas, S. Guerra, and J. Rullas, TRAF Family Proteins Link PKR with NF-??B Activation, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.24, issue.10, pp.4502-4512, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.24.10.4502-4512.2004

G. Oganesyan, S. Saha, B. Guo, J. He, and A. Shahangian, Critical role of TRAF3 in the Toll-like receptor-dependent and -independent antiviral response, Nature, vol.199, issue.7073, pp.208-211, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04374

P. Zhang and C. Samuel, Induction of Protein Kinase PKR-dependent Activation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 by Vaccinia Virus Occurs through Adapter IPS-1 Signaling, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.283, issue.50, pp.34580-34587, 2008.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M807029200

C. Mcallister and C. Samuel, The RNA-activated Protein Kinase Enhances the Induction of Interferon-?? and Apoptosis Mediated by Cytoplasmic RNA Sensors, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.284, issue.3, pp.1644-1651, 2009.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M807888200

C. Mcallister, A. Toth, P. Zhang, P. Devaux, and R. Cattaneo, Mechanisms of Protein Kinase PKR-Mediated Amplification of Beta Interferon Induction by C Protein-Deficient Measles Virus, Journal of Virology, vol.84, issue.1, pp.380-386, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.02630-08

L. Strahle, J. Marq, A. Brini, S. Hausmann, and D. Kolakofsky, Activation of the Beta Interferon Promoter by Unnatural Sendai Virus Infection Requires RIG-I and Is Inhibited by Viral C Proteins, Journal of Virology, vol.81, issue.22, pp.12227-12237, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.01300-07

C. Biron-andreani, E. Raulet, L. Pichard-garcia, and P. Maurel, Use of Human Hepatocytes to Investigate Blood Coagulation Factor, Methods Mol Biol, vol.640, pp.431-445, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-60761-688-7_23

L. Strahle, D. Garcin, and D. Kolakofsky, Sendai virus defective-interfering genomes and the activation of interferon-beta, Virology, vol.351, issue.1, pp.101-111, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.022

N. Jammi, L. Whitby, and P. Beal, Small molecule inhibitors of the RNA-dependent protein kinase, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.308, issue.1, pp.50-57, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)01318-4

S. Nekhai, D. Bottaro, G. Woldehawariat, A. Spellerberg, and R. Petryshyn, A cell-permeable peptide inhibits activation of PKR and enhances cell proliferation, Peptides, vol.21, issue.10, pp.1449-1456, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00297-7

N. Grandvaux, M. Servant, B. Tenoever, G. Sen, and S. Balachandran, Transcriptional Profiling of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Target Genes: Direct Involvement in the Regulation of Interferon-Stimulated Genes, Journal of Virology, vol.76, issue.11, pp.5532-5539, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.76.11.5532-5539.2002

M. Bonnet, C. Daurat, C. Ottone, and E. Meurs, The N-terminus of PKR is responsible for the activation of the NF-??B signaling pathway by interacting with the IKK complex, Cellular Signalling, vol.18, issue.11, pp.1865-1875, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.02.010

M. Malakhov, K. Kim, O. Malakhova, B. Jacobs, and E. Borden, High-throughput Immunoblotting. UBIQUITIN-LIKE PROTEIN ISG15 MODIFIES KEY REGULATORS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.19, pp.16608-16613, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M208435200

A. Laurent, B. Krust, J. Galabru, J. Svab, and A. Hovanessian, Monoclonal antibodies to an interferon-induced Mr 68,000 protein and their use for the detection of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase in human cells., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.82, issue.13, pp.4341-4345, 1985.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.82.13.4341

S. Iwano, M. Ichikawa, S. Takizawa, H. Hashimoto, and Y. Miyamoto, Identification of AhR-regulated genes involved in PAH-induced immunotoxicity using a highly-sensitive DNA chip, 3D-GeneTM Human Immunity and Metabolic Syndrome 9k, Toxicology in Vitro, vol.24, issue.1, pp.85-91, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.030

B. Wolff, J. Sanglier, and Y. Wang, Leptomycin B is an inhibitor of nuclear export: inhibition of nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev protein and Rev-dependent mRNA, Chemistry & Biology, vol.4, issue.2, pp.139-147, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-5521(97)90257-X