H. Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1999.

D. Eltis, S. Behrendt, D. Richardson, and H. Klein, The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: A Database on CD-ROM, 1999.

R. Price and S. Price, Les Marrons en Guyane. Châteauneuf-le-Rouge: Vents d'Ailleurs, 2002.

Y. Muniz, L. Ferreira, C. Mendes-junior, C. Wiezel, and A. Simoes, Genomic ancestry in urban Afro-Brazilians, Annals of Human Biology, vol.119, issue.1, pp.104-111, 2008.
DOI : 10.1080/03014460701782256

M. Bortolini, D. Silva, W. , D. Guerra, D. Remonatto et al., African-derived South American populations: A history of symmetrical and asymmetrical matings according to sex revealed by bi- and uni-parental genetic markers, American Journal of Human Biology, vol.46, issue.4, pp.551-563, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(1999)11:4<551::AID-AJHB15>3.0.CO;2-Z

E. Parra, R. Kittles, G. Argyropoulos, C. Pfaff, K. Hiester et al., Ancestral proportions and admixture dynamics in geographically defined African Americans living in South Carolina, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.40, issue.1, pp.18-29, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/1096-8644(200101)114:1<18::AID-AJPA1002>3.0.CO;2-2

N. Brucato, P. Tortevoye, S. Plancoulaine, E. Guitard, A. Sanchez-mazas et al., The genetic diversity of three peculiar populations descending from the slave trade: Gm study of Noir Marron from French Guiana, Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol.332, issue.10, pp.332917-926, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2009.07.005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00460119

J. Dugoujon, S. Hazout, F. Loirat, B. Mourrieras, and B. Crouau-roy, GM haplotype diversity of 82 populations over the world suggests a centrifugal model of human migrations, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.83, issue.2, pp.175-192, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/ajpa.10405

T. Karafet, F. Mendez, M. Meilerman, P. Underhill, S. Zegura et al., New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree, Genome Research, vol.18, issue.5, pp.830-838, 2008.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.7172008

M. Van-oven and M. Kayser, Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation, Human Mutation, vol.30, issue.2, pp.386-394, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/humu.20921

A. Gessain, R. Gallo, and G. Franchini, Low degree of human T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma virus type I genetic drift in vivo as a means of monitoring viral transmission and movement of ancient human populations, J Virol, vol.66, issue.4, pp.2288-2295, 1992.

T. Miura, T. Fukunaga, T. Igarashi, M. Yamashita, E. Ido et al., Phylogenetic subtypes of human Tlymphotropic virus type I and their relations to the anthropological background, Proc Natl Acad Sci, issue.3, pp.911124-1127, 1994.

S. Plancoulaine, R. Buigues, E. Murphy, M. Van-beveren, J. Pouliquen et al., Demographic and familial characteristics of HTLV-1 infection among an isolated, highly endemic population of African origin in French Guiana, Int J Cancer, issue.3, pp.76331-336, 1998.

S. Plancoulaine, A. Gessain, M. Joubert, P. Tortevoye, J. I. Talarmin et al., Detection of a major gene predisposing to human

. Brucato, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/314 lymphotropic virus type I infection in children among an endemic population of African origin, BMC Evolutionary Biology J Infect Dis, vol.10, issue.1822, pp.314405-412, 2000.

S. Plancoulaine, A. Gessain, P. Tortevoye, A. Boland-auge, A. Vasilescu et al., A major susceptibility locus for HTLV-1 infection in childhood maps to chromosome 6q27, Hum Mol Genet, issue.22, pp.153306-3312, 2006.

A. Ureta-vidal, C. Angelin-duclos, P. Tortevoye, E. Murphy, J. Lepere et al., Mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell-leukemia/lymphoma virus type I: Implication of high antiviral antibody titer and high proviral load in carrier mothers, International Journal of Cancer, vol.86, issue.6, pp.832-836, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990909)82:6<832::AID-IJC11>3.0.CO;2-P

L. Excoffier, G. Laval, and S. Schneider, Arlequin (version 3.0): An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis, Evol Bioinform Online, vol.1, pp.47-50, 2005.

C. Coudray, A. Olivieri, A. Achilli, M. Pala, M. Melhaoui et al., The Complex and Diversified Mitochondrial Gene Pool of Berber Populations, Annals of Human Genetics, vol.36, issue.2, pp.196-214, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00493.x

R. Andrews, I. Kubacka, P. Chinnery, R. Lightowlers, D. Turnbull et al., Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA, Nat Genet, vol.23, issue.2, p.147, 1999.

M. Brion, B. Sobrino, A. Blanco-verea, M. Lareu, and A. Carracedo, Hierarchical analysis of 30 Y-chromosome SNPs in European populations, International Journal of Legal Medicine, vol.312, issue.1, pp.10-15, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00414-004-0439-2

M. Hammer, A. Spurdle, T. Karafet, M. Bonner, E. Wood et al., The geographic distribution of human Y chromosome variation, Genetics, issue.3, pp.145787-805, 1997.

M. Kazanji and A. Gessain, Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus types I and II (HTLV-I/II) in French Guiana: clinical and molecular epidemiology, Cadernos de Sa??de P??blica, vol.19, issue.5, pp.1227-1240, 2003.
DOI : 10.1590/S0102-311X2003000500002

P. Tortevoye, P. Tuppin, C. Peneau, G. Carles, and A. Gessain, Decrease of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I prevalence and low incidence among pregnant women from a high endemic ethnic group in French Guiana

P. Tuppin, J. Lepere, G. Carles, A. Ureta-vidal, Y. Gerard et al., Risk Factors for Maternal HTLV-I Infection in French Guiana, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology, vol.8, issue.4, pp.420-425, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00042560-199504000-00015

D. Moynet, J. Pouliquen, D. Londos-gagliardi, R. Buigues, J. Moreau et al., High variability of HTLV-I in a remote population of Gabon as compared to that of a similar population of French Guiana, Virus Genes, vol.23, issue.3, pp.257-261, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1012513121028

R. Mahieux, P. Horal, P. Mauclere, O. Mercereau-puijalon, M. Guillotte et al., Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 gag indeterminate western blot patterns in Central Africa: relationship to Plasmodium falciparum infection, J Clin Microbiol, issue.11, pp.384049-4057, 2000.

L. Meertens, J. Rigoulet, P. Mauclere, M. Van-beveren, G. Chen et al., Molecular and Phylogenetic Analyses of 16 Novel Simian T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 from Africa: Close Relationship of STLV-1 from Allenopithecus nigroviridis to HTLV-1 Subtype B Strains, Virology, vol.287, issue.2, pp.275-285, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/viro.2001.1018

O. Cassar, C. Capuano, S. Bassot, F. Charavay, R. Duprez et al., Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Subtype C Melanesian Genetic Variants of the Vanuatu Archipelago and Solomon Islands Share a Common Ancestor, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.196, issue.4, pp.510-521, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/519167
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00531356

O. Cassar, C. Capuano, L. Meertens, E. Chungue, and A. Gessain, Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Molecular Variants, Vanuatu, Melanesia, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.11, issue.5, pp.706-710, 2005.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1105.041015

J. Schlecht, M. Kaplan, K. Barnard, T. Karafet, M. Hammer et al., Machine-Learning Approaches for Classifying Haplogroup from Y Chromosome STR Data, PLoS Computational Biology, vol.27, issue.6, p.1000093, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000093.s004

A. Salas, M. Richards, M. Lareu, R. Scozzari, A. Coppa et al., The African Diaspora: Mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic Slave Trade, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.74, issue.3, pp.454-465, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/382194

P. Forster, A. Torroni, C. Renfrew, and A. Rohl, Phylogenetic Star Contraction Applied to Asian and Papuan mtDNA Evolution, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.18, issue.10, pp.1864-1881, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003728

T. Polzin, On Steiner trees and minimum spanning trees in hypergraphs, Operations Research Letters, vol.31, issue.1, pp.12-20, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-6377(02)00185-2

S. Tishkoff, M. Gonder, B. Henn, H. Mortensen, A. Knight et al., History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.24, issue.10, pp.242180-2195, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msm155

N. Maca-meyer, M. Arnay, J. Rando, C. Flores, A. Gonzalez et al., Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches, European Journal of Human Genetics, vol.12, issue.2, pp.155-162, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075

I. Dupanloup and G. Bertorelle, Inferring Admixture Proportions from Molecular Data: Extension to Any Number of Parental Populations, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.18, issue.4, pp.672-675, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003847

A. Salas, A. Carracedo, M. Richards, and V. Macaulay, Charting the Ancestry of African Americans, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.77, issue.4, pp.676-680, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/491675

A. Achilli, C. Rengo, V. Battaglia, M. Pala, A. Olivieri et al., Saami and Berbers???An Unexpected Mitochondrial DNA Link, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.76, issue.5, pp.76883-886, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/430073

M. Allard, D. Polanskey, K. Miller, M. Wilson, K. Monson et al., Characterization of human control region sequences of the African American SWGDAM forensic mtDNA data set, Forensic Science International, vol.148, issue.2-3, pp.169-179, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.06.001

B. Ely, J. Wilson, F. Jackson, and B. Jackson, Correction: African American mitochondrial DNAs often match mtDNAs found in multiple African ethnic groups, BMC Biology, vol.5, issue.1, p.34, 2006.
DOI : 10.1186/1741-7007-5-13

T. Melton, S. Clifford, M. Kayser, I. Nasidze, M. Batzer et al., Diversity and Heterogeneity in Mitochondrial DNA of North American Populations, Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol.46, issue.1, pp.46-52, 2001.
DOI : 10.1520/JFS14909J

J. Lind, H. Hutcheson-dilks, S. Williams, J. Moore, M. Essex et al., Elevated male European and female African contributions to the genomes of African American individuals, Human Genetics, vol.37, issue.suppl., pp.713-722, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00439-006-0261-7

M. Monsalve and E. Hagelberg, Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in Carib people of Belize, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.264, issue.1385, pp.1217-1224, 1385.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1997.0168

J. Benn-torres, C. Bonilla, C. Robbins, L. Waterman, T. Moses et al., Admixture and Population Stratification in African Caribbean Populations, Annals of Human Genetics, vol.15, issue.0, pp.7290-98, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1510

T. Hunemeier, C. Carvalho, A. Marrero, F. Salzano, S. Pena et al., Niger-Congo speaking populations and the formation of the Brazilian gene pool: mtDNA and Y-chromosome data, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.74, issue.2, pp.854-867, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/ajpa.20604

W. Silva, M. Bortolini, M. Schneider, A. Marrero, J. Elion et al., mtDNA Haplogroup Analysis of Black Brazilian and Sub-Saharan Populations: Implications for the Atlantic Slave Trade, Human Biology, vol.78, issue.1, pp.29-41, 2006.
DOI : 10.1353/hub.2006.0028

S. Batista-dos-santos, J. Rodrigues, A. Ribeiro-dos-santos, and M. Zago, Differential contribution of indigenous men and women to the formation of an urban population in the Amazon region as revealed by mtDNA and Y-dNA, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.88, issue.2, pp.175-180, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199906)109:2<175::AID-AJPA3>3.0.CO;2-#

A. Ribeiro-dos-santos, B. Carvalho, A. Feio-dos-santos, and S. Santos, Nucleotide variability of HV-I in Afro-descendents populations of the Brazilian Amazon Region, Forensic Science International, vol.167, issue.1, pp.77-80, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.033

B. Carvalho, M. Bortolini, S. Batista-dos-santos, and A. Ribeiro-dos-santos, Mitochondrial DNA mapping of social-biological interactions in Brazilian Amazonian African-descendant populations, Genetics and Molecular Biology, vol.31, issue.1, pp.3112-3134, 2008.
DOI : 10.1590/S1415-47572008000100002

A. Feio-dos-santos, B. Carvalho, S. Batista-dossantos, and A. Ribeiro-dos-santos, Nucleotide variability of HV-I in admixed population of the Brazilian Amazon Region, Forensic Science International, vol.164, issue.2-3, pp.276-277, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.032

J. Rando, F. Pinto, A. Gonzalez, M. Hernandez, J. Larruga et al., Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Northwest African populations reveals genetic exchanges with European, Near-Eastern, and sub-Saharan populations, Annals of Human Genetics, vol.62, issue.6, pp.62531-550, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1469-1809.1998.6260531.x

A. Brehm, L. Pereira, H. Bandelt, M. Prata, and A. Amorim, Mitochondrial portrait of the Cabo Verde archipelago: the Senegambian outpost of Atlantic slave trade, Annals of Human Genetics, vol.66, issue.1, pp.6649-60, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/S0003480001001002

B. Jackson, J. Wilson, S. Kirbah, S. Sidney, J. Rosenberger et al., Mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity among four ethnic groups in Sierra Leone, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.61, issue.1, pp.156-163, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/ajpa.20040

A. Rosa, A. Brehm, T. Kivisild, E. Metspalu, and R. Villems, MtDNA Profile of West Africa Guineans: Towards a Better Understanding of the Senegambia Region, Annals of Human Genetics, vol.61, issue.4, pp.68340-352, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/324511

E. Watson, K. Bauer, R. Aman, G. Weiss, A. Von-haeseler et al., mtDNA sequence diversity in Africa, Am J Hum Genet, vol.59, issue.2, pp.437-444, 1996.

D. Rowold, J. Luis, M. Terreros, and R. Herrera, Mitochondrial DNA geneflow indicates preferred usage of the Levant Corridor over the Horn of Africa passageway, Journal of Human Genetics, vol.88, issue.5, pp.436-447, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10038-007-0132-7

V. Coia, G. Destro-bisol, F. Verginelli, C. Battaggia, I. Boschi et al., Brief communication: mtDNA variation in North Cameroon: Lack of asian lineages and implications for back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.12, issue.3, pp.678-681, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/ajpa.20138

V. Cerny, A. Salas, M. Hajek, M. Zaloudkova, and R. Brdicka, A bidirectional corridor in the Sahel-Sudan belt and the distinctive features of the Chad Basin populations: a history revealed by the mitochondrial DNA genome, Ann Hum Genet, pp.71433-452, 2007.

G. Destro-bisol, V. Coia, I. Boschi, F. Verginelli, A. Caglia et al., The Analysis of Variation of mtDNA Hypervariable Region 1 Suggests That Eastern and Western Pygmies Diverged before the Bantu Expansion, The American Naturalist, vol.163, issue.2, pp.212-226, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/381405

C. Batini, V. Coia, C. Battaggia, J. Rocha, M. Pilkington et al., Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial L1c haplogroup: Genetic signatures of the prehistory of Central Africa, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol.43, issue.2, pp.635-644, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.09.014

L. Quintana-murci, H. Quach, C. Harmant, F. Luca, B. Massonnet et al., Maternal traces of deep common ancestry and asymmetric gene flow between Pygmy hunter-gatherers and Bantu-speaking farmers, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.5, pp.1596-1601, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0711467105
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00271643

M. Ingman, H. Kaessmann, S. Paabo, and U. Gyllensten, Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans, Nature, vol.408, issue.6813, pp.708-713, 2000.

E. Mateu, D. Comas, F. Calafell, A. Perez-lezaun, A. Abade et al., A tale of two islands: population history and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation of Bioko and S??o Tom??, Gulf of Guinea, Annals of Human Genetics, vol.61, issue.6, pp.61507-518, 1997.
DOI : 10.1017/S0003480097006544

M. Coelho, F. Sequeira, D. Luiselli, S. Beleza, and J. Rocha, On the edge of Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.9, issue.1, p.9, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2148-9-80

S. Beleza, L. Gusmao, A. Amorim, A. Carracedo, and A. Salas, The genetic legacy of western Bantu migrations, Human Genetics, vol.61, issue.4, pp.366-375, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00439-005-1290-3

H. Soodyall, L. Vigilant, A. Hill, M. Stoneking, and T. Jenkins, mtDNA controlregion sequence variation suggests multiple independent origins of an " Asian-specific " 9-bp deletion in sub-Saharan Africans, Am J Hum Genet, vol.58, issue.3, pp.595-608, 1996.

F. Pinto, A. Gonzalez, M. Hernandez, J. Larruga, and V. Cabrera, Genetic relationship between the Canary Islanders and their African and Spanish ancestors inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences, Annals of Human Genetics, vol.53, issue.4, pp.60321-330, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.88.19.8720

L. Vigilant, M. Stoneking, H. Harpending, K. Hawkes, and A. Wilson, African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA, Science, vol.253, issue.5027, pp.1503-1507, 1991.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1840702

M. Krings, A. Salem, K. Bauer, H. Geisert, A. Malek et al., mtDNA Analysis of Nile River Valley Populations: A Genetic Corridor or a Barrier to Migration?, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.64, issue.4, pp.1166-1176, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/302314

L. Castri, S. Tofanelli, P. Garagnani, C. Bini, X. Fosella et al., mtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: Implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.13, issue.2, pp.302-311, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/ajpa.21070

S. Horai and K. Hayasaka, Intraspecific nucleotide sequence differences in the major noncoding region of human mitochondrial DNA, Am J Hum Genet, vol.46, issue.4, pp.828-842, 1990.

A. Caglia, S. Tofanelli, V. Coia, I. Boschi, M. Pescarmona et al., A Study of Y-Chromosome Microsatellite Variation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparison between F ST and R ST Genetic Distances, Human Biology, vol.75, issue.3, pp.75313-330, 2003.
DOI : 10.1353/hub.2003.0041

A. Rosa, C. Ornelas, M. Jobling, and A. Brehm, Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.7, issue.1, p.124, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2148-7-124

A. Knight, P. Underhill, H. Mortensen, L. Zhivotovsky, A. Lin et al., African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages, Current Biology, vol.13, issue.6, pp.464-473, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1

F. Cruciani, P. Santolamazza, P. Shen, V. Macaulay, P. Moral et al., A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.70, issue.5, pp.1197-1214, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/340257

G. Berniell-lee, F. Calafell, E. Bosch, E. Heyer, L. Sica et al., Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.26, issue.7, pp.261581-1589, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msp069
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00434929

M. Kayser, S. Brauer, H. Schadlich, M. Prinz, M. Batzer et al., Y Chromosome STR Haplotypes and the Genetic Structure of U.S. Populations of African, European, and Hispanic Ancestry, Genome Research, vol.13, issue.4, pp.624-634, 2003.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.463003

K. Abe-sandes, W. Silva, . Jr, and M. Zago, Heterogeneity of the Y Chromosome in Afro-Brazilian Populations, Human Biology, vol.76, issue.1, pp.77-86, 2004.
DOI : 10.1353/hub.2004.0014

G. Ribeiro, D. Lima, R. Wiezel, C. Ferreira, L. Sousa et al., YAP element polymorphisms, American Journal of Human Biology, vol.65, issue.3, pp.354-356, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/ajhb.20875

A. Ribeiro-dos-santos, J. Pereira, M. Lobato, B. Carvalho, J. Guerreiro et al., Dissimilarities in the process of formation of curia??, a semi-isolated Afro-Brazilian population of the Amazon region, American Journal of Human Biology, vol.46, issue.4, pp.440-447, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/ajhb.10059

E. Wood, D. Stover, C. Ehret, G. Destro-bisol, G. Spedini et al., Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes, European Journal of Human Genetics, vol.85, issue.7, pp.13867-876, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1428

J. Luis, D. Rowold, M. Regueiro, B. Caeiro, C. Cinnioglu et al., The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.74, issue.3, pp.74532-544, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/382286

M. Hammer, V. Chamberlain, V. Kearney, D. Stover, G. Zhang et al., Population structure of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing Y chromosome STR databases, Forensic Science International, vol.164, issue.1, pp.45-55, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.013

K. Stefflova, M. Dulik, A. Pai, A. Walker, C. Zeigler-johnson et al., Evaluation of Group Genetic Ancestry of Populations from Philadelphia and Dakar in the Context of Sex-Biased Admixture in the Americas, PLoS ONE, vol.167, issue.11, p.7842, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0007842.s009

M. Sans, Admixture studies in Latin America: from the 20th to the 21st century, Hum Biol, vol.72, issue.1, pp.155-177, 2000.

A. Salas, M. Richards, M. Lareu, B. Sobrino, S. Silva et al., Shipwrecks and founder effects: Divergent demographic histories reflected in Caribbean mtDNA, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.72, issue.4, pp.855-860, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/ajpa.20117

M. Coelho, C. Coia, V. Alves, D. Luiselli, A. Useli et al., Human Microevolution and the Atlantic Slave Trade, Current Anthropology, vol.49, issue.1, pp.134-143, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/524762

M. Trovoada, L. Pereira, L. Gusmao, A. Abade, A. Amorim et al., Pattern of mtDNA Variation in Three Populations from Sao Tome e Principe, Annals of Human Genetics, vol.61, issue.1, pp.6840-54, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6530271.x

E. Donoghue, Black women/white men: the sexual exploitation of female slaves in the Danish West Indies, 2002.

C. Hamshere, The British in the Caribbean, 1972.

S. Tishkoff, F. Reed, F. Friedlaender, C. Ehret, A. Ranciaro et al., The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans, Science, vol.324, issue.5930, pp.3241035-1044, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1172257

N. Harich, M. Costa, V. Fernandes, M. Kandil, J. Pereira et al., The trans-Saharan slave trade - clues from interpolation analyses and high-resolution characterization of mitochondrial DNA lineages, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.10, issue.1, p.138, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2148-10-138