O. Toole and G. , Biofilm Formation as Microbial Development, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.54, issue.1, pp.49-79, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.49

O. 'toole and G. A. , To Build a Biofilm, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.185, issue.9, pp.2687-2689, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.185.9.2687-2689.2003

I. Vallet, The chaperone/usher pathways of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Identification of fimbrial gene clusters (cup) and their involvement in biofilm formation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.12, pp.98-6911, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.111551898

C. Prigent-combaret, Abiotic surface sensing and biofilm-dependent regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli, J Bacteriol, vol.181, pp.5993-6002, 1999.

D. Ren, Gene expression in Escherichia coli biofilms, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.64, issue.4, pp.515-524, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00253-003-1517-y

M. A. Schembri, Global gene expression in Escherichia coli biofilms, Molecular Microbiology, vol.413, issue.1, pp.253-267, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03432.x

C. Beloin, Global impact of mature biofilm lifestyle on Escherichia coli K-12 gene expression, Molecular Microbiology, vol.93, issue.3, pp.659-674, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03865.x

N. R. Stanley, Identification of Catabolite Repression as a Physiological Regulator of Biofilm Formation by Bacillus subtilis by Use of DNA Microarrays, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.185, issue.6, pp.1951-1957, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.185.6.1951-1957.2003

M. Whiteley, Gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, Nature, vol.413, issue.6858, pp.860-864, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35101627

L. A. Pratt and R. Kolter, biofilm formation: roles of flagella, motility, chemotaxis and type I pili, Molecular Microbiology, vol.86, issue.2, pp.285-293, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01061.x

A. Heydorn, Statistical Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Development: Impact of Mutations in Genes Involved in Twitching Motility, Cell-to-Cell Signaling, and Stationary-Phase Sigma Factor Expression, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.68, issue.4, pp.2008-2017, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.68.4.2008-2017.2002

K. Sauer and A. K. Camper, Characterization of Phenotypic Changes in Pseudomonas putida in Response to Surface-Associated Growth, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.183, issue.22, pp.6579-6589, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.183.22.6579-6589.2001

C. Solano, biofilm formation: critical role of cellulose, Molecular Microbiology, vol.39, issue.3, pp.793-808, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02802.x

X. Wang, The pgaABCD Locus of Escherichia coli Promotes the Synthesis of a Polysaccharide Adhesin Required for Biofilm Formation, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.186, issue.9, pp.2724-2734, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.186.9.2724-2734.2004

M. Matsukawa and E. P. Greenberg, Putative Exopolysaccharide Synthesis Genes Influence Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Development, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.186, issue.14, pp.4449-4456, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.186.14.4449-4456.2004
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC438629

K. D. Jackson, Identification of psl, a Locus Encoding a Potential Exopolysaccharide That Is Essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 Biofilm Formation, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.186, issue.14, pp.4466-4475, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.186.14.4466-4475.2004

L. Friedman and R. Kolter, Two Genetic Loci Produce Distinct Carbohydrate-Rich Structural Components of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Matrix, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.186, issue.14, pp.4457-4465, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.186.14.4457-4465.2004

L. Friedman and R. Kolter, Genes involved in matrix formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilms, Molecular Microbiology, vol.39, issue.3, pp.675-690, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03877.x

C. T. Huang, Spatial patterns of alkaline phosphatase expression within bacterial colonies and biofilms in response to phosphate starvation, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.64, issue.4, pp.1526-1531, 1998.

C. Prigent-combaret, Complex Regulatory Network Controls Initial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation in Escherichia coli via Regulation of the csgD Gene, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.183, issue.24, pp.7213-7223, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.183.24.7213-7223.2001

D. Ren, Gene expression inBacillus subtilis surface biofilms with and without sporulation and the importance ofyver for biofilm maintenance, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.99, issue.3, pp.344-364, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/bit.20053

K. D. Xu, Gene expression and protein levels of the stationary phase sigma factor, RpoS, in continuously-fed Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.199, issue.1, pp.67-71, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10652.x

J. L. Adams and R. J. Mclean, Impact of rpoS deletion on Escherichia coli biofilms, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.65, issue.9, pp.4285-4287, 1999.

F. P. Corona-izquierdo and J. Membrillo-hernandez, during exponential phase of growth, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.211, issue.1, pp.105-110, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11210.x

K. Otto and T. J. Silhavy, Surface sensing and adhesion of Escherichia coli controlled by the Cpx-signaling pathway, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.99, issue.4, pp.2287-2292, 2002.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.042521699

L. Ferrieres and D. J. Clarke, The RcsC sensor kinase is required for normal biofilm formation in Escherichia coli K-12 and controls the expression of a regulon in response to growth on a solid surface, Molecular Microbiology, vol.177, issue.5, pp.1665-1682, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03815.x

P. N. Danese, The outer membrane protein, Antigen 43, mediates cell-to-cell interactions within Escherichia coli biofilms, Molecular Microbiology, vol.65, issue.2, pp.424-432, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01353.x

E. Tenorio, genes/ORFs affecting biofilm formation, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.225, issue.1, pp.107-114, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00507-X

A. Finelli, Use of In-Biofilm Expression Technology To Identify Genes Involved in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Development, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.185, issue.9, pp.2700-2710, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.185.9.2700-2710.2003

E. Helloin, Carbon starvation survival ofListeria monocytogenes in planktonic state and in biofilm: A proteomic study, PROTEOMICS, vol.3, issue.10, pp.2052-2064, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/pmic.200300538

F. Tremoulet, Comparison of protein patterns of Listeria monocytogenes grown in biofilm or in planktonic mode by proteomic analysis, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.210, issue.1, pp.25-31, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1097(02)00571-2

K. Sauer, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Displays Multiple Phenotypes during Development as a Biofilm, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.184, issue.4, pp.1140-1154, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.184.4.1140-1154.2002

Q. Wang, Gene expression patterns during swarming in Salmonella typhimurium: genes specific to surface growth and putative new motility and pathogenicity genes, Molecular Microbiology, vol.3, issue.1, pp.169-187, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2003.03977.x

D. W. Jackson, Biofilm Formation and Dispersal under the Influence of the Global Regulator CsrA of Escherichia coli, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.184, issue.1, pp.290-301, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.184.1.290-301.2002

O. 'toole and G. A. , The Global Carbon Metabolism Regulator Crc Is a Component of a Signal Transduction Pathway Required for Biofilm Development by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.182, issue.2, pp.425-431, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.182.2.425-431.2000

K. Suzuki, Regulatory Circuitry of the CsrA/CsrB and BarA/UvrY Systems of Escherichia coli, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.184, issue.18, pp.5130-5140, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.184.18.5130-5140.2002

M. D. Parkins, Pseudomonas aeruginosa GacA, a factor in multihost virulence, is also essential for biofilm formation, Molecular Microbiology, vol.273, issue.5, pp.1215-1226, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90120-9

A. J. Wolfe, Vibrio fischeri ??54 Controls Motility, Biofilm Formation, Luminescence, and Colonization, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.70, issue.4, pp.2520-2524, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.70.4.2520-2524.2004

P. Landini and A. J. Zehnder, The Global Regulatory hns Gene Negatively Affects Adhesion to Solid Surfaces by Anaerobically Grown Escherichia coli by Modulating Expression of Flagellar Genes and Lipopolysaccharide Production, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.184, issue.6, pp.1522-1529, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.184.6.1522-1529.2002

I. Vallet, Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Fimbrial cup Gene Clusters Are Controlled by the Transcriptional Regulator MvaT, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.186, issue.9, pp.2880-2890, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.186.9.2880-2890.2004

Z. T. Wen and R. A. Burne, Functional Genomics Approach to Identifying Genes Required for Biofilm Development by Streptococcus mutans, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.68, issue.3, pp.1196-1203, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.68.3.1196-1203.2002

M. A. Hamon and B. A. Lazazzera, The sporulation transcription factor Spo0A is required for biofilm development in Bacillus subtilis, Molecular Microbiology, vol.85, issue.5, pp.1199-1209, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02709.x

K. E. Beenken, Mutation of sarA in Staphylococcus aureus Limits Biofilm Formation, Infection and Immunity, vol.71, issue.7, pp.4206-4211, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.71.7.4206-4211.2003

J. Valle, SarA and not ??B is essential for biofilm development by Staphylococcus aureus, Molecular Microbiology, vol.32, issue.4, pp.1075-1087, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03493.x

J. K. Knobloch, RsbU-Dependent Regulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm Formation Is Mediated via the Alternative Sigma Factor ??B by Repression of the Negative Regulator Gene icaR, Infection and Immunity, vol.72, issue.7, pp.3838-3848, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.72.7.3838-3848.2004

Y. Zhang, Identification of a Novel Two-Component System in Streptococcus gordonii V288 Involved in Biofilm Formation, Infection and Immunity, vol.72, issue.6, pp.3489-3494, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.72.6.3489-3494.2004

B. Fournier and D. C. Hooper, A New Two-Component Regulatory System Involved in Adhesion, Autolysis, and Extracellular Proteolytic Activity of Staphylococcus aureus, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.182, issue.14, pp.3955-3964, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.182.14.3955-3964.2000

Y. H. Li, Novel Two-Component Regulatory System Involved in Biofilm Formation and Acid Resistance in Streptococcus mutans, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.184, issue.22, pp.6333-6342, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.184.22.6333-6342.2002

Y. Lim, Control of Glucose- and NaCl-Induced Biofilm Formation by rbf in Staphylococcus aureus, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.186, issue.3, pp.722-729, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.186.3.722-729.2004