U. Santa-cruz, Antibodies against MEK-2 (9125), p38- MAPK (9212), phospho-p38-MAPK (p38pT180-Y182, 9211, sc-959) and the p65 subunit of NF-kB ERK (9102), phospho-ERK (ERKpT202-Y204, 9101), JNK (9252) and phospho-JNK (JNKpT183-Y185, 4668) and PD98059 were from Cell Signaling Antibody against phospho-MSK-2 (Ser196), human and mouse recombinant TNFa were from R&D systems

R. Lincoln, D. Hodges, F. Klein, B. Mahlandt, and F. Jones, Role of the Lymphatics in the Pathogenesis of Anthrax, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.115, issue.5, pp.481-494, 1965.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/115.5.481

J. Ross, The pathogenesis of anthrax following the administration of spores by the respiratory route, The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, vol.lxxix, issue.2, pp.485-490, 1957.
DOI : 10.1002/path.1700730219

P. Turnbull, Anthrax vaccines: past, present and future, Vaccine, vol.9, issue.8, pp.533-539, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0264-410X(91)90237-Z

M. Baggiolini and I. Clark-lewis, Interleukin-8, a chemotactic and inflammatory cytokine, FEBS Letters, vol.2, issue.1, pp.97-101, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80909-Z

E. Hoffmann, O. Dittrich-breiholz, H. Holtmann, and M. Kracht, Multiple control of interleukin-8 gene expression, J Leukoc Biol, vol.72, pp.847-855, 2002.

B. Strahl and C. Allis, The language of covalent histone modifications, Nature, vol.96, issue.6765, pp.41-45, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/47412

S. Thomson, A. Clayton, C. Hazzalin, S. Rose, and M. Barratt, The nucleosomal response associated with immediate-early gene induction is mediated via alternative MAP kinase cascades: MSK1 as a potential histone H3/HMG-14 kinase, The EMBO Journal, vol.18, issue.17, pp.4779-4793, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/18.17.4779

A. Clayton, S. Rose, M. Barratt, and L. Mahadevan, -associated nucleosomes upon gene activation, The EMBO Journal, vol.17, issue.14, pp.3714-3726, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/19.14.3714
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00608259

V. Volmat, M. Camps, S. Arkinstall, J. Pouysségur, and P. Lenormand, The nucleus, a site for signal termination by sequestration and inactivation of p42/ p44 MAP kinases, J Cell Sci, vol.114, pp.3433-3443, 2001.

C. Baldari, F. Tonello, S. Paccani, and C. Montecucco, Anthrax toxins: a paradigm of bacterial immune suppression, Trends in Immunology, vol.27, issue.9, pp.434-440, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.it.2006.07.002

T. Fukao, Immune system paralysis by anthrax lethal toxin: the roles of innate and adaptive immunity, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.4, issue.3, pp.166-170, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00940-5

B. Raymond, D. Leduc, L. Ravaux, L. Goffic, R. Candela et al., Edema Toxin Impairs Anthracidal Phospholipase A2 Expression by Alveolar Macrophages, PLoS Pathogens, vol.368, issue.12, 2007.
DOI : 0264-6021(2002)368[0415:TROTRT]2.0.CO;2
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00317899

N. Duesbery, C. Webb, S. Leppla, V. Gordon, and K. Klimpel, Proteolytic Inactivation of MAP-Kinase-Kinase by Anthrax Lethal Factor, Science, vol.280, issue.5364, pp.734-737, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.280.5364.734

G. Vitale, R. Pellizzari, C. Recchi, G. Napolitani, and M. Mock, Anthrax Lethal Factor Cleaves the N-Terminus of MAPKKs and Induces Tyrosine/Threonine Phosphorylation of MAPKs in Cultured Macrophages, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.248, issue.3, pp.706-711, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9040

A. Pickering, M. Osorio, G. Lee, V. Grippe, and M. Bray, Cytokine Response to Infection with Bacillus anthracis Spores, Infection and Immunity, vol.72, issue.11, pp.6382-6389, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.72.11.6382-6389.2004

K. Chakrabarty, W. Wu, J. Booth, E. Duggan, and K. Coggeshall, Bacillus anthracis Spores Stimulate Cytokine and Chemokine Innate Immune Responses in Human Alveolar Macrophages through Multiple Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways, Infection and Immunity, vol.74, issue.8, pp.4430-4438, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00446-06

J. Tournier, A. Quesnel-hellmann, J. Mathieu, C. Montecucco, and W. Tang, Anthrax Edema Toxin Cooperates with Lethal Toxin to Impair Cytokine Secretion during Infection of Dendritic Cells, The Journal of Immunology, vol.174, issue.8, pp.4934-4941, 2005.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4934

J. Brownell, J. Zhou, T. Ranalli, R. Kobayashi, and D. Edmondson, Tetrahymena Histone Acetyltransferase A: A Homolog to Yeast Gcn5p Linking Histone Acetylation to Gene Activation, Cell, vol.84, issue.6, pp.843-51, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81063-6

L. Mahadevan, A. Willis, and M. Barratt, Rapid histone H3 phosphorylation in response to growth factors, phorbol esters, okadaic acid, and protein synthesis inhibitors, Cell, vol.65, issue.5, pp.775-783, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90385-C

S. Saccani, S. Pantano, and G. Natoli, p38-dependent marking of inflammatory genes for increased NF-??B recruitment, Nature Immunology, vol.3, issue.1, pp.69-75, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/ni748

A. Soloaga, S. Thomson, G. Wiggin, N. Rampersaud, and M. Dyson, MSK2 and MSK1 mediate the mitogen- and stress-induced phosphorylation of histone H3 and HMG-14, The EMBO Journal, vol.22, issue.11, pp.2788-2797, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/cdg273

A. Clayton and L. Mahadevan, MAP kinase-mediated phosphoacetylation of histone H3 and inducible gene regulation, FEBS Letters, vol.23, issue.1, pp.51-58, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00451-4

L. Arbibe, D. Kim, E. Batsche, T. Pedron, and B. Mateescu, An injected bacterial effector targets chromatin access for transcription factor NF-??B to alter transcription of host genes involved in immune responses, Nature Immunology, vol.98, issue.1, pp.47-56, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/ni1423

S. Batty, E. Chow, A. Kassam, S. Der, and J. Mogridge, Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling by Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin causes destabilization of interleukin-8 mRNA, Cellular Microbiology, vol.267, issue.1, pp.130-138, 2006.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M407535200

B. Russell, R. Vasan, D. Keene, T. Koehler, and Y. Xu, Potential dissemination of Bacillus anthracis utilizing human lung epithelial cells, Cellular Microbiology, vol.173, issue.4, pp.945-957, 2008.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.00329

B. Russell, Q. Liu, S. Jenkins, M. Tuvim, and B. Dickey, In Vivo Demonstration and Quantification of Intracellular Bacillus anthracis in Lung Epithelial Cells, Infection and Immunity, vol.76, issue.9, pp.3975-3983, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00282-08

I. Glomski, A. Piris-gimenez, M. Huerre, M. Mock, and P. Goossens, Primary Involvement of Pharynx and Peyer's Patch in Inhalational and Intestinal Anthrax, PLoS Pathogens, vol.2, issue.6, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030076.sg001

I. Glomski, F. Dumetz, G. Jouvion, M. Huerre, and M. Mock, Inhaled non-capsulated Bacillus anthracis in A/J mice: nasopharynx and alveolar space as dual portals of entry, delayed dissemination, and specific organ targeting, Microbes and Infection, vol.10, issue.12-13, pp.1398-1404, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.07.042

P. Sanz, L. Teel, F. Alem, H. Carvalho, and S. Darnell, Detection of Bacillus anthracis Spore Germination In Vivo by Bioluminescence Imaging, Infection and Immunity, vol.76, issue.3, pp.1036-1047, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00985-07

C. Loving, T. Khurana, M. Osorio, G. Lee, and V. Kelly, Role of Anthrax Toxins in Dissemination, Disease Progression, and Induction of Protective Adaptive Immunity in the Mouse Aerosol Challenge Model, Infection and Immunity, vol.77, issue.1, pp.255-265, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00633-08

K. Chakrabarty, W. Wu, J. Booth, E. Duggan, and N. Nagle, Human Lung Innate Immune Response to Bacillus anthracis Spore Infection, Infection and Immunity, vol.75, issue.8, pp.3729-3738, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00046-07

G. Bonuccelli, F. Sotgia, P. Frank, T. Williams, and C. De-almeida, ATR/TEM8 is highly expressed in epithelial cells lining Bacillus anthracis' three sites of entry: implications for the pathogenesis of anthrax infection, AJP: Cell Physiology, vol.288, issue.6, pp.1402-1410, 2005.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpcell.00582.2004

E. Cario and D. Podolsky, Differential Alteration in Intestinal Epithelial Cell Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Infection and Immunity, vol.68, issue.12, pp.7010-7017, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.68.12.7010-7017.2000

B. Schmeck, N. Guessan, P. Ollomang, M. Lorenz, J. Zahlten et al., Legionella pneumophila-induced NF-??B- and MAPK-dependent cytokine release by lung epithelial cells, European Respiratory Journal, vol.29, issue.1, pp.25-33, 2007.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00141005

C. Cote, N. Van-rooijen, and S. Welkos, Roles of Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Early Host Response to Bacillus anthracis Spores in a Mouse Model of Infection, Infection and Immunity, vol.74, issue.1, pp.469-480, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.74.1.469-480.2006

C. Pezard, P. Berche, and M. Mock, Contribution of individual toxin components to virulence of Bacillus anthracis, Infect Immun, vol.59, pp.3472-3477, 1991.

V. Balloy, M. Si-tahar, O. Takeuchi, P. B. Nahori, and M. , Involvement of Toll-Like Receptor 2 in Experimental Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Infection and Immunity, vol.73, issue.9, pp.5420-5425, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.73.9.5420-5425.2005

L. Dobbs, Isolation and culture of alveolar type II cells, Am J Physiol, vol.258, pp.134-147, 1990.

M. Corti, A. Brody, and J. Harrison, Isolation and primary culture of murine alveolar type II cells., American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol.14, issue.4, pp.309-315, 1996.
DOI : 10.1165/ajrcmb.14.4.8600933

J. Feuillard, S. Mémet, B. Goudeau, A. Lilienbaum, and R. Schmidt-ullrich, In vivo identification of lymphocyte subsets exhibiting transcriptionally active NF-kappaB/Rel complexes, International Immunology, vol.12, issue.5, pp.613-621, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/intimm/12.5.613