R. Akhter, C. G. Hayes, S. Baqar, and W. K. Reisen, West Nile virus in Pakistan. III. Comparative vector capability of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and eight other species of mosquitoes, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.76, issue.4, pp.449-453, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0035-9203(82)90132-8

G. L. Autorino, A. Battisti, V. Deubel, G. Ferrari, R. Forletta et al., West Nile virus Epidemic in Horses, Tuscany Region, Italy, West Nile virus epidemic in horses, pp.1372-1378, 2002.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0812.020234

A. R. Barr, The Culex pipiens Complex, pp. 123Ð136 Cytogenetics and genetics of vectors, 1981.

V. N. Bashkirtsev, M. P. Chumakov, V. V. Berezin, A. M. Butenko, T. I. Zavadova et al., Isolation of new strains of West Nile virus in Astrakhan region, p. 182, V Symposium of the study of role of migrating birds in distribution of arboviruses, 1969.

J. C. Beier, P. V. Perkins, R. A. Wirtz, J. Koros, D. Diggs et al., Bloodmeal Identification by Direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Elisa), Tested on Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kenya, Journal of Medical Entomology, vol.25, issue.1, pp.9-16, 1988.
DOI : 10.1093/jmedent/25.1.9

K. A. Bernard, J. G. Maffei, S. A. Jones, E. B. Kauffman, G. Ebel et al., West Nile Virus Infection in Birds and Mosquitoes, New York State, 2000, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.7, issue.4, pp.679-685, 2000.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0704.017415

H. Bernkopf, S. Levine, and R. Nerson, Isolation of West Nile Virus in Israel, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.93, issue.3, pp.207-218, 1953.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/93.3.207

A. N. Clements, Adult circadian rhythms The biology of mosquitoes Sensory reception and behaviour, pp.206-238, 1999.

D. Giudice, P. , I. Schuffenecker, F. Vandenbos, E. Counillon et al., Human West Nile Virus, France, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.10, issue.10, pp.1885-1886, 2004.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1010.031021

J. P. Devaux, Notice explicative de la carte phytosociologique de la Camargue au 1/50000e, Biol. E ´ col. Mé diterr, vol.5, pp.159-196, 1978.

A. P. Dupuis, P. P. Marra, and L. D. Kramer, Serologic Evidence of West Nile Virus Transmission, Jamaica, West Indies, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.9, issue.7, pp.860-863, 2003.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0907.030249

B. Durand, G. Dauphin, J. Labie, H. Zeller, and S. Zientara, Ré sultats dÕune enquê te sé rologique sur lÕinfection a ` virus West Nile chez les e ´ quidé s dans le Var, Environ. Risques Santé, vol.4, pp.114-118, 2003.

B. Durand, V. Chevalier, R. Pouillot, J. Labie, I. Marendat et al., West Nile Virus Outbreak in Horses, Southern France, 2000: Results of a Serosurvey, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.8, issue.8, pp.777-782, 2000.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0808.010486

A. R. Filipe, Isolation in Portugal of West Nile virus from Anopheles maculipennis mosquitoes, Acta Virol, vol.16, p.361, 1972.

. Erson, Emerging vectors in the Culex pipiens complex, Science (Wash., DC), vol.303, pp.1535-1538, 2004.

A. Gabinaud, G. Vigo, J. Cousserans, M. Roux, N. Pasteur et al., La mammophilie des populations de Culex pipiens pipiens L., 1758 dans le Sud de la France; variations de ce caractè re en fonction de la nature des biotopes de dé veloppement larvaire, des caracté ristiques physico-chimiques de leurs eaux et des saisons, Consé quences pratiques et thé oriques, pp.123-132, 1985.

A. Y. Gancz, I. K. Barker, R. Lindsay, A. Dibernardo, K. Mckeever et al., West Nile virus outbreak in North American owls, Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.10, pp.2135-2142, 2002.

A. E. Garmendia, H. J. Van-kruiningen, and R. A. French, The West Nile virus:its recent emergence in North America, Microbes and Infection, vol.3, issue.3, pp.223-229, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01374-0

M. Giladi, E. Metzkor-cotter, D. A. Martin, Y. Siegman-igra, A. D. Korczyn et al., West Nile Encephalitis in Israel, 1999: The New York Connection, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.7, issue.4, pp.659-661, 1999.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0704.017410

L. B. Goddard, A. E. Roth, W. K. Reisen, and T. W. Scott, Vector Competence of California Mosquitoes for West Nile virus, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.8, issue.12, pp.1385-1391, 2002.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0812.020536

N. Goldblum, V. V. Sterk, and B. Paderski, West Nile fever; the clinical features of the disease and the isolation of West Nile virus from the blood of nine human cases, Am. J. Hyg, vol.59, pp.89-103, 1954.

R. E. Harbach, B. A. Harrison, and A. M. Gad, Culex (Culex) molestus Forskal (Diptera: Culicidae): neotype designation, description, variation, and taxonomic status, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash, vol.86, pp.521-542, 1984.

E. B. Hayes, N. Komar, R. S. Nasci, S. P. Montgomery, D. R. Leary et al., Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of West Nile Virus Disease, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.11, issue.8, pp.1167-1173, 2005.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1108.050289a

L. Hoffmann, J. Mouchet, J. Rageau, C. Hannoun, L. Joubert et al., Epidé miologie du virus West Nile: e ´ tude dÕun foyer en Camargue II. Esquisse en milieu physique, biologique et humain, Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris), vol.114, pp.521-538, 1968.

H. S. Hurlbut, West Nile virus infection in arthropods, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.5, pp.76-85, 1956.

L. Joubert, LÕarbovirose West Nile, zoonose du midi mé diterrané en de la France, Bull. Acad. Nat. Med, vol.159, pp.499-503, 1975.

L. Joubert, J. Oudar, C. Hannoun, D. Beytout, B. Corniou et al., Epidé miologie du virus West Nile: e ´ tude dÕun foyer en Camargue. IV. La mé ningo-encé phalomyé lite du cheval, Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris), vol.118, pp.239-247, 1970.

P. G. Jupp, B. M. Mcintosh, and R. G. Brown, Laboratory transmission experiments with West Nile and Sindbis viruses and Culex (Culex) theileri Theobald, S. Afr. J. Med. Sci, vol.31, pp.95-97, 1966.

A. M. Kilpatrick, L. D. Kramer, S. R. Campbell, E. O. Alleyne, A. P. Dobson et al., West Nile Virus Risk Assessment and the Bridge Vector Paradigm, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.11, issue.3, pp.425-429, 2005.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1103.040364

O. Komar, M. B. Robbins, K. Klenk, B. J. Blitvich, N. L. Marlenee et al., West Nile Virus Transmission in Resident Birds, Dominican Republic, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.9, issue.10, pp.1299-1302, 2003.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0910.030222

R. S. Lanciotti, J. T. Roehrig, V. Deubel, J. Smith, K. Parker et al., Origin of the West Nile Virus Responsible for an Outbreak of Encephalitis in the Northeastern United States, Science, vol.286, issue.5448, pp.2333-2337, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.286.5448.2333

J. Languille, S. Zientara, H. Zeller, P. Hendrikx, A. Armengaud et al., Bilan de la surveillance West Nile en France en, Bull. Epidé miol, vol.17, pp.3-4, 2004.

L. Guenno, B. , A. Bougermouh, T. Azzam, and R. Bouakaz, West Nile: a deadly virus?, The Lancet, vol.348, issue.9037, p.1315, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)65799-6

L. Lay-rogues, G. , C. P. Arthur, P. Vanderwalle, E. Hardy et al., Lapin de Garenne, Oryctolagus cuniculus L. et arbovirus dans le sud-est de la France. Ré sultats de deux enquê tes sé rologiques, Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot, vol.83, pp.446-457, 1990.

M. Malkinson, C. Banet, Y. Weisman, S. Pokamunski, R. King et al., Introduction of West Nile virus in the Middle East by Migrating White Storks, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.8, issue.4, pp.392-397, 2002.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0804.010217

B. M. Mcintosh, P. G. Jupp, D. B. Dickinson, G. M. Mcgillivray, and J. Sweetnam, Ecological studies on Sindbis and West Nile viruses in South Africa. I. Viral activity as revealed by infection of mosquitoes and sentinel fowls. S. Afr, J. Med. Sci, vol.32, pp.1-14, 1967.

J. M. Medlock, K. R. Snow, and S. Leach, Potential transmission of West Nile virus in the British Isles: an ecological review of candidate mosquito bridge vectors, Medical and Veterinary Entomology, vol.14, issue.2, pp.2-21, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00333752

J. L. Melnick, J. R. Paul, J. T. Riordan, V. H. Barnett, N. Goldblum et al., Isolation from Human Sera in Egypt of a Virus Apparently Identical to West Nile Virus., Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol.77, issue.4, pp.661-665, 1951.
DOI : 10.3181/00379727-77-18884

B. Murgue, H. Zeller, and V. Deubel, The Ecology and Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in Africa, Europe and Asia, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol, vol.267, pp.195-221, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_10

B. Murgue, S. Murri, S. Zientara, B. Durand, J. P. Durand et al., West Nile Outbreak in Horses in Southern France, 2000: The Return after 35 Years, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.7, issue.4, pp.692-696, 2001.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0704.017417

R. Panthier, Epidé miologie du virus West Nile: e ´ tude dÕun foyer en Camargue. I. Introduction, Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris), vol.114, pp.518-520, 1968.

R. Panthier, C. Hannoun, J. Oudar, D. Beytout, B. Corniou et al., Isolement du virus West Nile chez un cheval camarguais atteint dÕencé phalomyé lite, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol.262, pp.1308-1310, 1966.

R. Panthier, C. Hannoun, D. Beytout, and J. Mouchet, Epidé miologie du virus West Nile: e ´ tude dÕun foyer en Camargue. III. Les maladies humaines, Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris), vol.115, pp.435-445, 1968.

N. Pasteur, J. A. Rioux, E. Guilvard, and J. Pech-perieres, Nouvelle mention, pour le " Midi " mé diterrané en, de populations naturelles anautogè nes et sté nogames de Culex pipiens pipiens L, Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp, vol.52, pp.205-210, 1977.

C. B. Philip and J. E. Smadel, Transmission of West Nile Virus by Infected Aedes albopictus., Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol.53, issue.1, pp.537-548, 1943.
DOI : 10.3181/00379727-53-14180

B. Et, A. Host-baited, . Collections, . West, A. E. Vectors-platonov et al., Outbreak of West Nile virus infection, Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.7, pp.128-132, 1999.

J. A. Rioux, Les Culicidé s du " Midi mé diterrané en " . Etude systé matique et e ´ cologique, Editions Paul Lechevalier, 1958.

J. A. Rioux and M. Arnold, Les Culicidé s de Camargue (e ´ tude systé matique et e ´ cologique) Socié té Nationale dÕAcclimatation, 1955.

J. A. Rioux, H. Croset, G. Gras, B. Juminer, and G. Tesson, Les problè mes thé oriques et pratiques posé s par la lutte contre Culex pipiens L. dans le sud de la France, Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis, vol.42, pp.473-500, 1965.

P. E. Rollin, D. Rollin, P. Martin, R. Baylet, F. Rodhain et al., Ré sultats dÕenquê tes sé roé pidé miologiques ré centes sur les arboviroses en Camargue: populations humaines, e ´ quines, bovines et aviaires, Mé decine et Maladies Infectieuses, pp.77-80, 1982.

M. R. Sardelis, M. J. Turell, D. J. Dohm, and M. L. O-'guinn, Vector Competence of Selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia Mosquitoes for West Nile Virus, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.7, issue.6, pp.1018-1022, 2001.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0706.010617

H. M. Savage, C. Ceianu, G. Nicolescu, N. Karabatsos, R. Lanciotti et al., Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes. Am, J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.61, pp.600-611, 1999.

F. Schaffner, G. Angel, B. Geoffroy, J. P. Hervy, A. Rhaiem et al., The mosquitoes of Europe. IdentiÞcation and training program, IRD Editions, 2001.

I. Schuffenecker, C. N. Peyrefitte, M. Harrak, S. Murri, A. Leblond et al., West Nile Virus in Morocco, 2003, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.11, issue.2, pp.306-309, 2003.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1102.040817

W. Service, Sampling adults by animal bait catches and by animal-baited traps Mosquito ecology: Þeld sampling methods, pp.349-498, 1993.

K. C. Smithburn, T. P. Hughes, A. W. Burke, and J. H. Paul, A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.20, pp.471-492, 1940.

R. M. Taylor, T. H. Work, H. S. Hurlbut, and F. Rizk, A study of the ecology of West Nile virus in Egypt, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.5, pp.579-620, 1956.

T. Abdelhaq and A. , West Nile fever in horses in Morocco, Bull. OIE, vol.11, pp.867-869, 1996.

H. Triki, S. Murri, B. Le-guenno, O. Bahri, K. Hili et al., Meningo-encé phalite a ` arbovirus West Nile en Tunisie, Med. Trop, vol.61, pp.487-490, 2001.

M. J. Turell, M. O. Guinn, and J. Oliver, Potential for New York mosquitoes to transmit West Nile virus, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.62, pp.413-414, 2000.

M. J. Turell, M. R. Sardelis, M. L. O-'guinn, and D. J. Dohm, Potential Vectors of West Nile Virus in North America, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol, vol.267, pp.241-252, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_12

C. Vermeil, J. Lavillaureix, and E. Reeb, Sur la conservation et la transmission du virus West Nile virus par quelques arthropodes, Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot, vol.53, pp.273-279, 1960.

E. B. Vinogradova, Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes: taxonomy, distribution, ecology, physiology, genetics, applied importance and control, 2000.

M. Weinberger, S. D. Pitlik, D. Gandacu, R. Lang, F. Nassar et al., West Nile Fever Outbreak, Israel, 2000: Epidemiologic Aspects, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.7, issue.4, pp.686-691, 2000.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0704.017416

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2631774

H. G. Zeller and I. Schuffenecker, West Nile Virus: An Overview of Its Spread in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin in Contrast to Its Spread in the Americas, 147Ð156. Received, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s10096-003-1085-1