K. L. Kotloff, J. P. Winickoff, B. Ivanoff, J. D. Clemens, D. L. Swerdlow et al., Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementations of control strategies, Bull. WHO, vol.77, pp.651-666, 1999.

A. Phalipon and P. J. Sansonetti, Shigellosis: Innate Mechanisms of Inflammatory Destruction of the Intestinal Epithelium, Adaptive Immune Response, and Vaccine Development, Critical Reviews in Immunology, vol.23, issue.5-6, pp.371-401, 2003.
DOI : 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v23.i56.20

A. A. Lindberg, A. Karnell, and A. Weintraub, The Lipopolysaccharide of Shigella Bacteria as a Virulence Factor, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.13, issue.Supplement 4, pp.279-284, 1991.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/13.Supplement_4.S279

D. Cohen, S. Ashkenazi, M. S. Green, M. Gdalevich, G. Robin et al., Double-blind vaccine-controlled randomised efficacy trial of an investigational Shigella sonnei conjugate vaccine in young adults, The Lancet, vol.349, issue.9046, pp.155-157, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)06255-1

V. Pozsgay, C. Chu, L. Pannell, J. Wolfe, J. B. Robbins et al., Protein conjugates of synthetic saccharides elicit higher levels of serum IgG lipopolysaccharide antibodies in mice than do those of the O-specific polysaccharide from Shigella dysenteriae type 1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp.5194-5197, 1999.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.83.16.6080

B. D. Beraissa-troow, J. Lefeber, J. P. Kamerling, J. F. Vliegenthart, K. Kraaijeveld et al., Synthetic Polysaccharide Type 3-Related Di-, Tri-, and Tetrasaccharide-CRM197 Conjugates Induce Protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae Type 3 in Mice, Infection and Immunity, vol.69, issue.7, pp.4698-4701, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.7.4698-4701.2001

A. Chernyak, S. Kondo, T. K. Wade, M. D. Meeks, P. M. Alzari et al., O1 Ogawa Lipopolysaccharide Bound to a Protein Carrier, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.185, issue.7, pp.950-962, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/339583

V. Bencomo, V. , V. Fernandez-santana, E. Hardy, M. E. Toledo et al., A Synthetic Conjugate Polysaccharide Vaccine Against Haemophilus influenzae Type b, Science, vol.305, issue.5683, pp.522-525, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1095209

M. V. Voino-yasenetsky and M. K. Voino-yasenetskaya, Experimental pneumonia caused by bacteria of the Shigella group, Acta Morphol. Acad. Sci. Hung, vol.11, pp.440-446, 1962.

A. Phalipon, M. Kaufmann, P. Michetti, J. M. Cavaillon, M. Huerre et al., Monoclonal immunoglobulin A antibody directed against serotype-specific epitope of Shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharide protects against murine experimental shigellosis, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.182, issue.3, pp.769-773, 1995.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.182.3.769

G. Kohler and C. Milstein, Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity, Nature, vol.3, issue.5517, pp.495-497, 1975.
DOI : 10.1038/256495a0

S. Barzu, F. T. Nato, S. Rouyre, J. C. Mazié, P. J. Sansonetti et al., Characterization of B-cell epitopes on IpaB, an invasion plasmid antigen of Shigella flexneri: identification of an immunodominant domain recognized during natural infection, Infect. Immun, vol.61, pp.3825-3831, 1993.

A. Phalipon, J. Arondel, F. T. Nato, S. Rouyre, J. M. Mazié et al., Identification and characterization of B-cell epitopes on IpaC, an invasion plasmid antigen of Shigella flexneri, Infect. Immun, vol.60, pp.919-1926, 1992.

O. Westphal and J. Jann, Bacterial lipopolysaccharides:extraction with phenol-water and further application of the procedures, Meth. Carbohydr. Chem, vol.5, pp.83-91, 1965.

M. Lefranc, IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics database(R), Nucleic Acids Research, vol.31, issue.1, pp.307-310, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkg085

L. A. Mulard, C. Costachel, and P. J. Sansonetti, -Antigen, Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry, vol.9, issue.7, pp.849-877, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-6215(89)80011-4
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00307325

C. Costachel, P. J. Sansonetti, and L. A. Mulard, -Antigen, Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry, vol.35, issue.9, pp.1131-1150, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-6215(94)84038-5

F. Segat and L. A. Mulard, Convergent synthesis of the methyl glycosides of a tetra- and a pentasaccharide fragment of the Shigella flexneri serotype 2a O-specific polysaccharide, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, vol.13, issue.20, pp.2211-2222, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0957-4166(02)00580-3

L. A. Mulard and C. Guerreiro, Total synthesis of a tetra- and two pentasaccharide fragments of the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri serotype 2a, Tetrahedron, vol.60, issue.11, pp.2475-2488, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tet.2004.01.054

F. Bélot, C. Costachel, K. Wright, A. Phalipon, and L. A. Mulard, Synthesis of the methyl glycoside of a branched octasaccharide fragment specific for the Shigella flexneri serotype 2a O-antigen, Tetrahedron Letters, vol.43, issue.46, pp.8215-8218, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-4039(02)02055-5

F. Auzanneau and D. R. Bundle, ChemInform Abstract: Application of Thioglycoside Chemistry to the Synthesis of Trisaccharides and Deoxy-Trisaccharides Related to the Shigella flexneri Y Polysaccharide., ChemInform, vol.71, issue.43, pp.534-548, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/chin.199343222

F. Auzanneau, H. R. Hanna, and D. R. Bundle, The synthesis of chemically modified disaccharide derivatives of the Shigella flexneri Y polysaccharide antigen, Carbohydrate Research, vol.240, pp.161-181, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-6215(93)84181-5

V. Pozsgay, J. R. Brisson, and H. J. Jennings, Synthetic oligosaccharides related to Group B streptococcal polysaccharides. The rhamnotriose moiety of the common antigen, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, vol.65, issue.12, pp.2764-2769, 1987.
DOI : 10.1139/v87-459

H. R. Hanna and D. R. Bundle, variant Y antigen, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, vol.71, issue.1, pp.125-134, 1993.
DOI : 10.1139/v93-018

N. E. Nifant-'ev, A. S. Shashkov, E. A. Khatuntseva, Y. E. Tsvetkov, A. A. Sherman et al., Synthesis and study of NMR spectra and conformations of branched oligosaccharides: 2,3-di-O-glycosylated methyl-L-rhamnopyranosides with one or two 2-acetamido-2-deoxy--D-glucopyrano- syl residues, Bioorg. Khim, vol.20, pp.1001-1012, 1994.

K. Wright, C. Guerreiro, I. Laurent, F. Baleux, and L. A. Mulard, Preparation of synthetic glycoconjugates as potential vaccines against Shigella flexneri serotype 2a disease, Org. Biomol. Chem., vol.43, issue.10, pp.1518-1527, 2004.
DOI : 10.1039/B400986J
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00166853

F. Bélot, C. Guerrero, F. Baleux, and L. A. Mulard, Serotype 2a Infection, Chemistry - A European Journal, vol.41, issue.5, pp.1625-1635, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/chem.200400903

C. Grandjean, A. Boutonnier, C. Guerreiro, J. Fournier, and L. A. Mulard, On the Preparation of Carbohydrate???Protein Conjugates Using the Traceless Staudinger Ligation, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol.70, issue.18, pp.7123-7132, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/jo0505472

O. H. Lowry, N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr, and R. J. Randall, Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent, J. Biol. Chem, vol.193, pp.265-275, 1951.

H. F. Brugghe, H. A. Timmermans, L. M. Van-unen, G. J. Hove, G. W. Der-werken et al., Simultaneous multiple synthesis and selective conjugation of cyclized peptides derived from a 1693, 1994.

D. Islam, B. Wretlin, M. Ryd, A. A. Lindberg, and B. Christensson, Immunoglobulin subclass distribution and dynamics of Shigella-specific antibody responses in serum and stool samples in shigellosis, Infect. Immun, vol.63, pp.2045-2061, 1995.

P. J. Sansonetti, A. Phalipon, J. Arondel, K. Thirumalai, S. Banerjee et al., Caspase-1 Activation of IL-1?? and IL-18 Are Essential for Shigella flexneri???Induced Inflammation, Immunity, vol.12, issue.5, pp.581-590, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80209-5

L. Barillec, K. , J. Gamelas-magalhaes, E. Corcuff, A. Thuizat et al., Roles for T and NK Cells in the Innate Immune Response to Shigella flexneri, The Journal of Immunology, vol.175, issue.3, pp.1735-1740, 2005.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1735

M. I. Fernandez, T. Pedron, R. Tournebize, J. C. Olivo-marin, P. J. Sansonetti et al., Anti-Inflammatory Role for Intracellular Dimeric Immunoglobulin A by Neutralization of Lipopolysaccharide in Epithelial Cells, Immunity, vol.18, issue.6, pp.739-749, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(03)00122-5

E. A. Kabat, T. T. Wu, H. M. Perry, K. S. Gottesman, and C. Foeller, Sequences of proteins of immunological interest Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, pp.91-3242, 1991.

P. H. Brodeur and R. Riblet, The immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (Igh-V) locus in the mouse. I. One hundred Igh-V genes comprise seven families of homologous genes, European Journal of Immunology, vol.81, issue.10, pp.922-930, 1984.
DOI : 10.1002/eji.1830141012

J. C. Almagro, H. Hernandez, M. C. Ramirez, and E. Vargas-madrazo, Structural differences between the repertoires of mouse and human germline genes and their evolutionary implications, Immunogenetics, vol.47, issue.5, pp.355-363, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s002510050370

E. Winter, A. Radbruch, and U. Krawinkel, Members of novel VH gene families are found in VDJ regions of polyclonally activated B-lymphocytes, 1985.

H. Sakano, R. Maki, Y. Kurosawa, W. Roeder, and S. Tonegawa, Two types of somatic recombination are necessary for the generation of complete immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes, Nature, vol.56, issue.5774, pp.676-683, 1980.
DOI : 10.1038/286676a0

H. Gu, D. Kitamura, and K. Rajewski, B cell development regulated by gene rearrangement: Arrest of maturation by membrane-bound D?? protein and selection of DH element reading frames, Cell, vol.65, issue.1, pp.47-54, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90406-O

E. E. Max, J. V. Maizel, J. , and P. Leder, The nucleotide sequence of a 5.5-kilobase DNA segment containing the mouse immunoglobulin J and C region genes, J. Biol. Chem, vol.256, pp.5116-5120, 1981.

B. Al-lazikani, A. M. Lesk, and C. Chothia, Standard conformations for the canonical structures of immunoglobulins, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.273, issue.4, pp.927-948, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1354

A. C. Martin and J. M. Thornton, Structural Families in Loops of Homologous Proteins: Automatic Classification, Modelling and Application to Antibodies, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.263, issue.5, pp.800-815, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0617

S. B. Svenson and A. A. Lindberg, Artificial Salmonella Vaccines, Infect. Immun, vol.32, pp.490-496, 1981.
DOI : 10.1159/000407424

R. Archi-berglund, A. A. , and L. , Rapid and sensitive detection of Shigella sonnei in feces by the use of an O-antigen-specific monoclonal antibody in a combined immunomagnetic separation-polymerase chain reaction assay, Clin. Microbiol. Infect, vol.2, pp.55-58, 1996.

I. C. Falt and A. A. Lindberg, Epitope mapping of six monoclonal antibodies recognizing the Shigella dysenteriae type 1 O-antigenic repeating unit expressed in Escherichia coli K-12, Microbial Pathogenesis, vol.16, issue.1, pp.27-41, 1994.
DOI : 10.1006/mpat.1994.1003

F. Qatri, T. Azim, A. Hossain, A. Chowdhury, and M. J. Albert, Monoclonal antibodies specific for Shigella dysenteriae serotype 13 production, characterization, and diagnostic application, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, vol.18, issue.3, pp.145-149, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0732-8893(94)90083-3

K. Suzuki and T. Takeda, Serotype 1, Microbiology and Immunology, vol.152, issue.11, pp.897-906, 1989.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1989.tb00977.x

N. I. Carlin and A. A. Lindberg, Monoclonal antibodies specific for Oantigenic polysaccharides of Shigella flexneri: clones binding to II, II:3,4, and 7,8 epitopes, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.18, pp.1183-1189, 1983.

N. I. Carlin, M. A. Gidney, A. A. Lindberg, and D. R. Bundle, Characterization of Shigella flexneri-specific murine monoclonal antibodies by chemically defined glycoconjugates, J. Immunol, vol.137, pp.2361-2366, 1986.

N. I. Carlin and A. A. Lindberg, Monoclonal antibodies specific for Shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharides: clones binding to type IV, V, and VI antigens, group 3,4 antigen, and an epitope common to all Shigella flexneri and Shigella dysenteriae type 1 stains, Infect. Immun, vol.55, pp.1412-1420, 1987.

A. B. Hartman, L. L. Van-de-verg, C. R. Mainhart, B. D. Tall, and S. J. Smith, Specificity of monoclonal antibodies elicited by mucosal infection of BALB/c mice with virulent Shigella flexneri 2a, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol, vol.3, pp.584-589, 1996.

M. S. Islam and W. H. Stimson, Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies with diagnostic potential against Shigella flexneri, J. Clin. Lab. Microbiol, vol.29, pp.199-206, 1989.

N. I. Carlin, M. Rahman, D. A. Sack, A. Zaman, B. Kay et al., Use of monoclonal antibodies to type Shigella flexneri in Bangladesh, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.27, pp.1163-1166, 1989.

D. Islam, S. Tzipori, M. Islam, and A. A. Lindberg, Rapid detection ofShigella dysenteriae andShigella flexneri in faeces by an immunomagnetic assay with monoclonal antibodies, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol.27, issue.1, pp.25-32, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01997052

V. Pavliak, E. M. Nashed, V. Pozsgay, P. Kovac, A. Karpas et al., Binding of the Oantigen of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and 26 related synthetic fragments to a monoclonal IgM antibody, J. Biol. Chem, vol.268, pp.25797-25802, 1993.

A. Toth, A. Medgyes, I. Bajza, A. Liptak, G. Batta et al., Synthesis of the repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella sonnei and quantitation of its serologic activity, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, vol.10, issue.1, pp.19-21, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-894X(99)00585-5

M. J. Clément, A. Imberty, A. Phalipon, S. Pérez, C. Simenel et al., 5a and of Four Related Synthetic Pentasaccharide Fragments Using NMR and Molecular Modeling, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.48, pp.47928-47936, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M308259200

V. Rasolofo-razanamparany, A. M. Cassel-béraud, J. Roux, P. J. Sansonetti, and A. Phalipon, Predominance of Serotype-Specific Mucosal Antibody Response in Shigella flexneri-Infected Humans Living in an Area of Endemicity, Infection and Immunity, vol.69, issue.9, pp.5230-5234, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.9.5230-5234.2001

B. M. Pinto, Synthesis and immunochemistry of carbohydrate antigens of the -hemolytic Streptococcus group A, Carbohydrate Antigens, ACS Symposium Series 519. P, pp.111-113, 1993.

M. Cygler, D. R. Rose, and D. R. Bundle, Recognition of a cell-surface oligosaccharide of pathogenic Salmonella by an antibody Fab fragment, Science, vol.253, issue.5018, pp.442-445, 1991.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1713710

M. N. Vyas, N. K. Vyas, P. J. Meikle, B. Sinnott, B. M. Pinto et al., Preliminary Crystallographic Analysis of a Fab Specific for the O-antigen of Shigella flexneri Cell Surface Lipopolysaccharide with and without Bound Saccharides, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.231, issue.1, pp.133-136, 1993.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.1993.1262

V. Morea, A. Tramontano, M. Rustici, C. Chothia, and A. M. Lesk, Conformations of the third hypervariable region in the VH domain of immunoglobulins, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.275, issue.2, pp.269-294, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1442

J. B. Pitner, W. F. Beyer, T. M. Venetta, C. Nycz, M. J. Mitchell et al., Bivalency and epitope specificity of a high-affinity IgG3 monoclonal antibody to the Streptococcus Group A carbohydrate antigen. Molecular modeling of a Fv fragment, Carbohydrate Research, vol.324, issue.1, pp.17-29, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-6215(99)00279-7

J. B. Robbins, C. Chu, and R. Schneerson, Hypothesis for Vaccine Development: Protective Immunity to Enteric Diseases Caused by Nontyphoidal Salmonellae and Shigellae May Be Conferred by Serum IgG Antibodies to the O-Specific Polysaccharide of Their Lipopolysaccharides, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.15, issue.2, pp.346-361, 1992.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/15.2.346

A. Velasco, A. F. Verheul, G. H. Veeneman, L. J. Gomes, J. H. Van-boom et al., Protein-conjugated synthetic di- and trisaccharides of pneumococcal type 17F exhibit a different immunogenicity and antigenicity than tetrasaccharide, Vaccine, vol.11, issue.14, pp.1429-1436, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0264-410X(93)90172-T

W. T. Jansen, A. F. Verheul, G. H. Veeneman, J. H. Van-boom, and H. Snippe, Revised interpretation of the immunological results obtained with pneumococcal polysaccharide 17F derived synthetic di-, tri- and tetrasaccharide conjugates in mice and rabbits, Vaccine, vol.20, issue.1-2, pp.19-21, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00263-8

W. T. Jansen, S. Hogenboom, M. J. Thijssen, J. P. Kamerling, J. F. Vliegenthart et al., Synthetic 6B Di-, Tri-, and Tetrasaccharide-Protein Conjugates Contain Pneumococcal Type 6A and 6B Common and 6B- Specific Epitopes That Elicit Protective Antibodies in Mice, Infection and Immunity, vol.69, issue.2, pp.787-793, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.2.787-793.2001

F. Mawas, J. Niggemann, C. Jones, M. J. Corbet, J. P. Kamerling et al., Immunogenicity in a Mouse Model of a Conjugate Vaccine Made with a Synthetic Single Repeating Unit of Type 14 Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Coupled to CRM197, Infection and Immunity, vol.70, issue.9, pp.5107-5114, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.70.9.5107-5114.2002

D. N. Taylor, A. C. Trofa, J. Sadoff, C. Chu, D. Bryla et al., Synthesis, characterization, and clinical evaluation of conjugate vaccines composed of the O-specific polysaccharides of Shigella dysenteriae type 1, Shigella flexneri type 2a, and Shigella sonnei (Plesiomonas shigelloides) bound to bacterial toxoids, Infect. Immun, vol.61, pp.3678-3687, 1993.

S. J. Cryz, J. C. Sadoff, E. Furer, and R. Germanier, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Polysaccharide-Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine: Safety and Immunogenicity in Humans, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.154, issue.4, pp.682-688, 1986.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/154.4.682

E. Y. Konedu, J. C. Parke-jr, H. T. Tran, D. A. Bryla, J. B. Robbins et al., Recombinant Exoprotein A Conjugates in Adults, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.177, issue.2, pp.383-387, 1998.
DOI : 10.1086/514203