R. Manetti, P. Parronchi, M. G. Giudizi, M. P. Piccinni, E. Maggi et al., Natural killer cell stimulatory factor (interleukin 12 [IL-12]) induces T helper type 1 (Th1)-specific immune responses and inhibits the development of IL-4-producing Th cells, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.177, issue.4, p.1199, 1993.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.177.4.1199

R. A. Seder, R. Gazzinelli, A. Sher, and W. E. Paul, Interleukin 12 acts directly on CD4+ T cells to enhance priming for interferon gamma production and diminishes interleukin 4 inhibition of such priming., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, p.10188, 1993.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.90.21.10188

S. J. Szabo, N. G. Jacobson, A. S. Dighe, U. Gubler, and K. M. Murphy, Developmental commitment to the Th2 lineage by extinction of IL-12 signaling, Immunity, vol.2, issue.6, p.665, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90011-X

R. A. Seder, W. E. Paul, M. M. Davis, B. Fazekas-de-st, and . Groth, The presence of interleukin 4 during in vitro priming determines the lymphokine-producing potential of CD4+ T cells from T cell receptor transgenic mice, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.176, issue.4, p.1091, 1992.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.176.4.1091

N. A. Hosken, K. Shibuya, A. W. Heath, K. M. Murphy, and A. O. Garra, The effect of antigen dose on CD4+ T helper cell phenotype development in a T cell receptor-alpha beta-transgenic model, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.182, issue.5, p.1579, 1995.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.182.5.1579

A. Grakoui, D. L. Donermeyer, O. Kanagawa, K. M. Murphy, and P. M. Allen, TCR-independent pathways mediate the effects of antigen dose and altered peptide ligands on Th cell polarization, J. Immunol, vol.162, 1923.

C. S. Hsieh, S. E. Macatonia, A. O. Garra, and K. M. Murphy, T cell genetic background determines default T helper phenotype development in vitro, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.181, issue.2, p.713, 1995.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.181.2.713

J. M. Blander, D. B. Sant-'angelo, K. Bottomly, C. A. Janeway, and J. , Alteration at a Single Amino Acid Residue in the T Cell Receptor ?? Chain Complementarity Determining Region 2 Changes the Differentiation of Naive Cd4 T Cells in Response to Antigen from T Helper Cell Type 1 (Th1) to Th2, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.158, issue.12, p.2065, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.286.5446.1913

R. J. Boyton and D. M. Altmann, Is selection for TCR affinity a factor in cytokine polarization? Trends Immunol, p.526, 2002.

M. Yamashita, M. Katsumata, M. Iwashima, M. Kimura, C. Shimizu et al., T Cell Receptor???Induced Calcineurin Activation Regulates T Helper Type 2 Cell Development by Modifying the Interleukin 4 Receptor Signaling Complex, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.71, issue.11, p.1869, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.onc.1200907

K. Kishimoto, V. M. Dong, S. Issazadeh, E. V. Fedoseyeva, A. M. Waaga et al., The role of CD154-CD40 versus CD28-B7 costimulatory pathways in regulating allogeneic Th1 and Th2 responses in vivo, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.106, issue.1, p.63, 2000.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI9586

U. Holzer, W. W. Kwok, G. T. Nepom, and J. H. Buckner, Differential Antigen Sensitivity and Costimulatory Requirements in Human Th1 and Th2 Antigen-Specific CD4+ Cells with Similar TCR Avidity, The Journal of Immunology, vol.170, issue.3, p.1218, 2003.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1218

A. Boonstra, C. Asselin-paturel, M. Gilliet, C. Crain, G. Trinchieri et al., Flexibility of Mouse Classical and Plasmacytoid-derived Dendritic Cells in Directing T Helper Type 1 and 2 Cell Development, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.161, issue.1, p.101, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)00070-4

F. Ramsdell, M. S. Seaman, R. E. Miller, K. S. Picha, M. K. Kennedy et al., 2 T cells to express Fas ligand and to undergo activation-induced cell death, International Immunology, vol.6, issue.10, p.1545, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/intimm/6.10.1545

D. H. Zhang, L. Cohn, P. Ray, K. Bottomly, and A. Ray, Transcription Factor GATA-3 Is Differentially Expressed in Murine Th1 and Th2 Cells and Controls Th2-specific Expression of the Interleukin-5 Gene, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.272, issue.34, p.21597, 1997.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.272.34.21597

S. Z. Ben-sasson, K. Makedonski, J. Hu-li, and W. E. Paul, Survival and cytokine polarization of naive CD4+ T cellsin vitro is largely dependent on exogenous cytokines, European Journal of Immunology, vol.30, issue.5, p.1308, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(200005)30:5<1308::AID-IMMU1308>3.0.CO;2-I

J. L. Grogan, M. Mohrs, B. Harmon, D. A. Lacy, J. W. Sedat et al., Early Transcription and Silencing of Cytokine Genes Underlie Polarization of T Helper Cell Subsets, Immunity, vol.14, issue.3, p.205, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00103-0

W. E. Thierfelder, J. M. Van-deursen, K. Yamamoto, R. A. Tripp, S. R. Sarawar et al., Requirement for Stat4 in interleukin-12-mediated responses of natural killer and T cells, Nature, vol.382, issue.6587, p.171, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/382171a0

M. H. Kaplan, Y. L. Sun, T. Hoey, and M. J. Grusby, Impaired IL-12 responses and enhanced development of Th2 cells in Stat4-deficient mice, Nature, vol.382, issue.6587, p.174, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/382174a0

K. Takeda, T. Tanaka, W. Shi, M. Matsumoto, M. Minami et al., Essential role of Stat6 in IL-4 signalling, Nature, vol.380, issue.6575, p.627, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/380627a0

K. Shimoda, J. Van-deursen, M. Y. Sangster, S. R. Sarawar, R. T. Carson et al., Lack of IL-4-induced Th2 response and IgE class switching in mice with disrupted State6 gene, Nature, vol.380, issue.6575, p.630, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/380630a0

M. H. Kaplan, U. Schindler, S. T. Smiley, and M. J. Grusby, Stat6 Is Required for Mediating Responses to IL-4 and for the Development of Th2 Cells, Immunity, vol.4, issue.3, p.313, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80439-2

N. G. Jacobson, S. J. Szabo, R. M. Weber-nordt, Z. Zhong, R. D. Schreiber et al., Interleukin 12 signaling in T helper type 1 (Th1) cells involves tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)3 and Stat4, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.181, issue.5, p.1755, 1995.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.181.5.1755

C. M. Bacon, E. F. Petricoin, I. , J. R. Ortaldo, R. C. Rees et al., Interleukin 12 induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of STAT4 in human lymphocytes., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, p.7307, 1995.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.92.16.7307

F. W. Quelle, K. Shimoda, W. Thierfelder, C. Fischer, A. Kim et al., Cloning of murine Stat6 and human Stat6, Stat proteins that are tyrosine phosphorylated in responses to IL-4 and IL-3 but are not required for mitogenesis., Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.15, issue.6, p.3336, 1995.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.15.6.3336

O. Shea, J. J. , M. Gadina, and R. D. Schreiber, Cytokine Signaling in 2002, Cell, vol.109, issue.2, p.121, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00701-8

W. Zheng and R. A. , The Transcription Factor GATA-3 Is Necessary and Sufficient for Th2 Cytokine Gene Expression in CD4 T Cells, Cell, vol.89, issue.4, p.587, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80240-8

H. J. Lee, N. Takemoto, H. Kurata, Y. Kamogawa, S. Miyatake et al., Gata-3 Induces T Helper Cell Type 2 (Th2) Cytokine Expression and Chromatin Remodeling in Committed Th1 Cells, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.14, issue.1, p.105, 2000.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.270.29.17541

M. H. Kaplan, A. L. Wurster, S. T. Smiley, and M. J. Grusby, Stat6- dependent and -independent pathways for IL-4 production, J. Immunol, vol.163, p.6536, 1999.

F. D. Finkelman, S. C. Morris, T. Orekhova, M. Mori, D. Donaldson et al., Stat6 Regulation of In Vivo IL-4 Responses, The Journal of Immunology, vol.164, issue.5, p.2303, 2000.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2303

J. Zhu, L. Guo, C. J. Watson, J. Hu-li, and W. E. Paul, Stat6 Is Necessary and Sufficient for IL-4's Role in Th2 Differentiation and Cell Expansion, The Journal of Immunology, vol.166, issue.12, p.7276, 2001.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7276

W. Ouyang, M. Lohning, Z. Gao, M. Assenmacher, S. Ranganath et al., Stat6-Independent GATA-3 Autoactivation Directs IL-4-Independent Th2 Development and Commitment, Immunity, vol.12, issue.1, p.27, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80156-9

S. Finotto, G. T. De-sanctis, H. A. Lehr, U. Herz, M. Buerke et al., Treatment of Allergic Airway Inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness by Antisense-Induced Local Blockade of Gata-3 Expression, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.52, issue.11, p.1247, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80465-3

H. A. Bruns, U. Schindler, and M. H. Kaplan, Expression of a Constitutively Active Stat6 In Vivo Alters Lymphocyte Homeostasis with Distinct Effects in T and B Cells, The Journal of Immunology, vol.170, issue.7, p.3478, 2003.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3478

J. Zhu, L. Guo, B. Min, C. J. Watson, J. Hu-li et al., Growth Factor Independent-1 Induced by IL-4 Regulates Th2 Cell Proliferation, Immunity, vol.16, issue.5, p.733, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(02)00317-5

M. Mohrs, D. A. Lacy, and R. M. Locksley, Stat Signals Release Activated Naive Th Cells from an Anergic Checkpoint, The Journal of Immunology, vol.170, issue.4, p.1870, 2003.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.170.4.1870

M. H. Kaplan, C. Daniel, U. Schindler, and M. J. Grusby, Stat proteins control proliferation by regulating p27kip1 expression, Mol. Cell. Biol, vol.18, 1996.

S. J. Szabo, S. T. Kim, G. L. Costa, X. Zhang, C. G. Fathman et al., A Novel Transcription Factor, T-bet, Directs Th1 Lineage Commitment, Cell, vol.100, issue.6, p.655, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80702-3

A. C. Mullen, F. A. High, A. S. Hutchins, H. W. Lee, A. V. Villarino et al., Role of T-bet in Commitment of TH1 Cells Before IL-12-Dependent Selection, Science, vol.292, issue.5523, 1907.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1059835

M. Afkarian, J. R. Sedy, J. Yang, N. G. Jacobson, N. Cereb et al., T-bet is a STAT1-induced regulator of IL-12R expression in na??ve CD4+ T cells, Nature Immunology, vol.3, issue.6, p.549, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/ni794

R. Nishikomori, T. Usui, C. Y. Wu, A. Morinobu, J. J. Shea et al., Activated STAT4 Has an Essential Role in Th1 Differentiation and Proliferation That Is Independent of Its Role in the Maintenance of IL-12R??2 Chain Expression and Signaling, The Journal of Immunology, vol.169, issue.8, p.4388, 2002.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4388

M. H. Kaplan, A. L. Wurster, and M. J. Grusby, A Signal Transducer and Activator of ???Transcription (Stat)4-independent Pathway for the Development of ???T Helper Type 1 Cells, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.145, issue.6, p.1191, 1998.
DOI : 10.1038/351117a0

S. Zhang, V. A. Lawless, and M. H. Kaplan, Cytokine-Stimulated T Lymphocyte Proliferation Is Regulated by p27, The Journal of Immunology, vol.165, issue.11, p.6270, 2000.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6270

T. Usui, R. Nishikomori, A. Kitani, and W. Strober, GATA-3 Suppresses Th1 Development by Downregulation of Stat4 and Not through Effects on IL-12R??2 Chain or T-bet, Immunity, vol.18, issue.3, p.415, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(03)00057-8

A. B. Lyons and C. R. Parish, Determination of lymphocyte division by flow cytometry, Journal of Immunological Methods, vol.171, issue.1, p.131, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90236-4

A. V. Gett and P. D. Hodgkin, A cellular calculus for signal integration by T cells, Nature Immunology, vol.1, issue.3, p.239, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/79782

B. Rocha, N. Dautigny, and P. Pereira, Peripheral T lymphocytes: expansion potential and homeostatic regulation of pool sizes and CD4/CD8 ratiosin vivo, European Journal of Immunology, vol.328, issue.5, p.905, 1989.
DOI : 10.1002/eji.1830190518

S. C. Jameson, Maintaining the norm: T-cell homeostasis, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.2, p.547, 2002.

Q. Ge, V. P. Rao, B. K. Cho, H. N. Eisen, and J. Chen, Dependence of lymphopenia-induced T cell proliferation on the abundance of peptide/MHC 1186 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF PRO-Th1 CD4 T CELLS epitopes and strength of their interaction with T cell receptors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, p.1728, 2001.

C. Viret, F. S. Wong, C. A. Janeway, and J. , Designing and Maintaining the Mature TCR Repertoire, Immunity, vol.10, issue.5, p.559, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80055-2

B. Ernst, D. S. Lee, J. M. Chang, J. Sprent, and C. D. Surh, The Peptide Ligands Mediating Positive Selection in the Thymus Control T Cell Survival and Homeostatic Proliferation in the Periphery, Immunity, vol.11, issue.2, p.173, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80092-8

G. Kassiotis, R. Zamoyska, and B. Stockinger, Involvement of Avidity for Major Histocompatibility Complex in Homeostasis of Naive and Memory T Cells, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.14, issue.8, p.1007, 2003.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.192.12.1719

M. H. Kaplan, H. C. Chang, S. Cooper, Y. Lee, and H. E. Broxmeyer, Distinct Requirements for Stat4 and Stat6 in Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Responses to Growth Factors and Chemokines, Journal of Hematotherapy & Stem Cell Research, vol.12, issue.4, p.401, 2003.
DOI : 10.1089/152581603322286033

K. S. Wang, E. Zorn, J. Ritz, I. , V. G. Grigoriev et al., Specific down-regulation of interleu- kin-12 signaling through induction of phospho-STAT4 protein degradation Regulation of c-myc transcription by interleukin-2 (IL-2) Identification of a novel IL-2 response element interacting with STAT-4, J. Biol. Chem, vol.275, p.7343, 2000.

K. M. Murphy and S. L. Reiner, Decision making in the immune system: The lineage decisions of helper T cells, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.17, issue.12, p.933, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/nri954

J. Magram, S. E. Connaughton, R. R. Warrier, D. M. Carvajal, C. Y. Wu et al., IL-12-Deficient Mice Are Defective in IFN?? Production and Type 1 Cytokine Responses, Immunity, vol.4, issue.5, p.471, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80413-6

A. A. Freitas and B. Rocha, Population Biology of Lymphocytes: The Flight for Survival, Annual Review of Immunology, vol.18, issue.1, p.83, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.83

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00108283

A. R. Almeida, N. Legrand, M. Papiernik, and A. A. Freitas, Homeostasis of Peripheral CD4+ T Cells: IL-2R?? and IL-2 Shape a Population of Regulatory Cells That Controls CD4+ T Cell Numbers, The Journal of Immunology, vol.169, issue.9, p.4850, 2002.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.4850

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00327445

W. Chen, L. C. Anton, J. R. Bennink, and J. W. , Dissecting the Multifactorial Causes of Immunodominance in Class I???Restricted T Cell Responses to Viruses, Immunity, vol.12, issue.1, p.83, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80161-2